Questions On Business Government And Law - 2156 Words

Assignment Coversheet Faculty of Business Government Law Student Name Chuol W Chielieth Student ID number U3132065 Unit name Justice Administration and the Constitution Unit number 8078 Name of lecturer/tutor Karen King Assignment name Final Exam Due date You must keep a photocopy or electronic copy of your assignment. Student declarations This is all my own work and other sources are properly credited - I certify that the attached assignment is my own work. Material drawn from other sources has been appropriately and fully acknowledged by providing author/creator, source and other bibliographic details. Such referencing meets unit-specific requirements of format and style. I know what plagiarism is and how to avoid it - I have completed the Academic Integrity Module in this unit or another unit or I understand the requirement for full referencing of all material that comes from another person or source. This work may be checked electronically for plagiarism - I give permission for my assignment to be copied, submitted and retained for the electronic checking of plagiarism. This work may be used for benchmarking - I give permission for my assignment to be copied, submitted and retained for benchmarking purposes. Signature of student: ________________________________________________ Date: ____________ Final exam – Justice Administration and Constitution. Topic: Question 2: The present Australia constitution was drafted in late 19th century. It thenShow MoreRelatedSocial Media: Discussion Questions1533 Words   |  6 Pagesstarted as a social network site but now hosts businesses and advertisements. In my opinion, it is one of the most common and most popular. Question 1: Discuss the four (4) components of a legally astute social media marketing manager who utilizes social media outlets for consumer transactions and how each component can mitigate the risk involved in doing business in cyberspace. A social media marketing manager should be alert about the qualifications because social media is a new form of advertisingRead MoreEssay On Advisory Opinion1161 Words   |  5 Pagesplace by the State of Georgia. Question Can the director of the State Ethics commission while on personal time attend a golf outing, all-expenses paid by a company, seeking to do business with the State Government? Response The State of Georgia has requested an advisory opinion on the question that is being presented above. In examining whether a state employee can accept this type of from an outside source we must break down the basic elements of the question. The following definitions haveRead More2- May 2014, HW assignment 1 Chapters 1-8 Due 13MAY2014 Ahmed Elbadawy 1) List the sources of1600 Words   |  7 Pages13MAY2014 Ahmed Elbadawy 1) List the sources of law? Answer: law consists of many layers that interact together at different stages of government in order to support the personal rights, duties and describe the frame work of business, at the very base of these sources lays the constitutional law that can be simplified as the whole body of principals that describes the governmental structure and states the relationship between the people and their government. It is divided into two main branches theRead MoreCourt And Process : Constitutional Court989 Words   |  4 PagesCourt ruled that the law is the prerogative of the federalism, not only reconciliation state governments. The state of government did not agree that would be their responsibility for repaid Mr. Barron. The chief justice John Marshall thought that this is not the states problem, and there is nothing to do in the side of the city of Baltimore. Mr. Barron insists that is in the faith amendment and it should be until the bill of right of the state government, and the f ederal government were unsure of theRead MoreRole of the US Constitution and Legal System in Business Regulation1090 Words   |  5 PagesRole of the US Constitution and Legal System in Business RegulationThe Constitution of the United States and their legal system have an impact on the guidance and operation of companies in any industry. In case a person breaks a law, for example, he or she may be obliged to pay a fine or even imprisoned in the US. It works the same way with companies: if a business is found responsible for allowing its employees to violate regulations this company is subject to a fine and even closedown. For instanceRead MoreGovernment Intervention in a Market Economy1702 Words   |  7 PagesGovernment Intervention in a Market Economy Question 1 Why government regulation is needed, citing the major reasons for government involvement in a market economy. The government has always in the forefront in controlling operations of various business entities in the United States. As such, the government has effected regulations through passage of numerous legislations, which govern how business organizations conduct their daily activities. Most small and medium businesses drive the economyRead MoreLaos625 Words   |  3 PagesArticle Summary In the article â€Å"In Trafficking of Wildlife, Out of Reach of the Law†, written by The New York Times writer Thomas Fuller, Laotian officials have their hands full with wildlife trafficking. In Hong Tong, Laos there lies a large compound which is owned by Vixay Keosavang, a â€Å"suspected† wildlife trafficker, a kingpin no less. This compound is where Keosavang controls his operation under the occupation of a breeder. Freeland which is a non-profit organization that is involved in anti-traffickingRead MoreIncome Inequality And The Distribution Of Wealth And Income1705 Words   |  7 Pagesissues (for example corruption). Government in Canada over the years have increased personal income taxes and government transfers (such as social assistance, unemployment insurance, old age security, and child benefits) which play an important role in reducing income inequality. The Nigerian government’s regulations unlike the Canadian government is ineffective in reducin g the income inequality. Nigerian economy over the years have deteriorated to the extent that government in the country are consideringRead MoreThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Obama Has Gone Too Far1411 Words   |  6 Pagesmost debated issues in recent history. Is this Act good for business? Is this Act Constitutional? Jason Sweatt, a certified public accountant at Elliot Davis states, â€Å"The Act has tax impact, directly or indirectly, on every American. This impact will unfold over the next seven to 10 years and we all need to pay attention so we don’t get hit with unexpected cost.† This Act immediately affects small businesses dramatically. The new law focuses on employers with more than 50 employees. Due to thatRead MoreU.s. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act817 Words   |  4 PagesU.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) The FCPA explicitly state that it is illegal for foreign business entities and individuals to engage in unlawful practices that include, making payments to foreign officials in an effort to attaining or retaining business (DOJ.gov, 2016). This is the United States law and holds true for Chinese government healthcare officials who worked under the reformed Healthcare system. U.K. Bribery Act of 2010 The GSK case is attributed to the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010

Essay about Adolescent Alcohol Abuse - 1988 Words

Adolescent Alcohol Abuse: What Factors are Present? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Over the years, many researchers have dedicated their time and energy to study adolescent alcohol abuse. They have found that there are many factors that contribute to adolescent alcohol abuse. These factors are psychological, environmental, social, and cultural. Not all of these factors play a part in every adolescent who abuses alcohol, but one of these factors is usually present. Psychological disorders have been found in both American, and Taiwan adolescents who abuse alcohol. The health risks of adolescent alcohol abuse are great. Alcohol affects the physiology of a young person. It disrupts the genetics and hormonal balances that are critical in the†¦show more content†¦According to Clark, and Bukstein (1998), one form of antisocial disorder known as conduct disorder lead adolescents to act out and seek out new experiences. This is probably the reason why adolescent males with an antisocial disorder turn to alcohol abuse. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;According to Rhode (et al., 1996), â€Å"More than 80% of adolescents with an alcohol use disorder had another psychiatric disorder....† (p. 106). In his study, the alcohol abuse tended to follow rather than proceed the psychiatric disorder. From this, it can be concluded that certain psychological disorders such as antisocial disorder, and depression are a factor in adolescent alcohol abuse. Environmental Factors nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many studies have focused on the environmental factors that adolescents are exposed to, and how these factors lead to alcohol abuse. The aim of a study performed by Clark, Lesnick, and Hegedus (1997), â€Å"Was to examine trauma history and other adverse life events in adolescents with alcohol dependence or abuse and to compare them with a sample of community-dwelling adolescents without alcohol use disorder† (p.1746). This study included 256 adolescents between the ages of fourteen and eighteen (Clark et al., 1997). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Adolescents who abused, or were dependent on alcohol reported more traumas then those in the control group. The types of abuse experienced by males andShow MoreRelatedAdolescent Drug Abuse And Alcohol1426 Words   |  6 PagesHEAD: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Adolescent Drug Abuse and Alcohol Nyria Madison Liberty University Coun 620 Abstract Around the world we are finding that most adolescent are experiencing drugs and alcohol. This has been a huge issue for years. This has become a trend in society as of today. This paper will discuss the perspective of adolescent alcohol and drugs. This paper will also identify and inform you on the common predictors of adolescent substanceRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol Abuse On Adolescents Essay2258 Words   |  10 Pageslegal in the United States to consume alcohol once a person reaches twenty-one years of age. However, that does not necessarily mean that a person doesn’t drink at all before it is legal for them. In fact, alcohol is the most commonly abused substance by adolescents (Mason and Spoth 2012; Schwinn and Schinke 2014), and use has been on the rise in the past decades. Alcohol use has been shown to increase with age, typically with it peaking during late adolescents (Poulin and Denault 2012). It beginsRead MoreAdolescent Drug And Alcohol Abuse Essay1895 Words   |  8 PagesOur society has numerous programs that are directed at preventing the use of drugs and alcohol in adolescents; however, very few of these programs are aimed at those who are already displaying the early stages of drug use problems. Teen Intervene is a program that does just that, and is aimed at people ages 12 to 19 who are suspected of experiencing mild to moderate problems associated with alcohol or other drug use. The major objective for this program is to reduce or if possible eliminate theirRead MoreThe Issue Of Adolescents With Abuse Drugs And Alcohol Are Doing Four Things : Exploring Their Pain2181 Words   |  9 PagesModule 2 Journal: The author of this book believes that adolescents who abuse drugs and alcohol are doing four things: exploring their pain, medicating their pain, revealing their pain, and getting treatment for their pain. For the teenager you followed in this reading, give your opinion on the ways in which he did each of the above. There are no right or wrong answers; just use your knowledge and experience to try to understand the motivations and mindsets of these troubled teens. ExploringRead MoreThe Psychological Effects Of Adolescent Substance Abuse1469 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent substance abuse is one of the largest issues faced by our society today. According to Teenrehab.com, nearly 50% of all high school seniors have abused some form of illicit substance and according to National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism nearly 70% of 18 year olds have at the least tried alcohol. Many more adolescents are trying, and getting addicted to, drugs every year. In my opinion this is one of the most critical issues that we have to address as a society. Summary Response:Read MoreParental Supervision and Adolescent Drinking Behavior1591 Words   |  7 PagesI. Hypothesis. The purpose of this research is to find out if parental supervision has an influence in adolescents’ drinking behavior. II. Literature Review. Research suggests that parents play an important role in the lives of children. Some of these parents have a negative or positive influence on the lives of the children. Shin, Edwards, Heeren, Amodeo (2009) stated that in the United Stated nearly 3.3 million referrals were made to state and local child protective servicesRead MoreYoung Adolescent Alcoholism1043 Words   |  5 Pagesas a strong craving for alcohol, continued use despite past harm, the inability to limit drinking, withdrawal symptoms when drinking stops, and the need to increase the amount consumed to feel the effects (CDC, Frequently Asked Questions). It is estimated that over 76 million people worldwide suffer from an alcohol consumption problem (greenfacts.org). The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) conducted a study in 2005 which showed that alcohol abuse can start as early as 8thRead MoreParents, Teenagers And Educators Often Fail To Realize1211 Words   |  5 Pagesoften fail to realize the potential for problems that alcohol presents to the immature psyche and body (Kay Healey, 1997). Teenage alcohol mishandle is one of the significant issues that influence scholarly execution, cause medical issues and is in charge of the demise of teenage drivers and at some point their travelers. Numerous high school students drink since they think it is cool and don t comprehend the threats of drinking alcohol. Alcohol is the world s third largest risk factor for diseaseRead MoreRelationship Between Alcohol And Parenting Styles And Alcohol Abuse Among College Students1707 Words   |  7 Pages Review of Literature The study conducted by Changalwa, C, Ndurumo, M, Barasa, P, Poipoi, 4 (2012) is on the relationship between parenting styles and alcohol abuse among college Students in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to see the relationship between alcohol abuse and parenting style. The study was based on Erik Erikson psychosocial theory (1950). The sample consisted of 32 respondents out of 1000 students who were sampled using purposive sampling wasRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol Consumption On The Uk1630 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol consumption in the UK has a clear tradition of having moderate and heavy drinking as seen in Plant and Plant s (2006) analysis of trends in alcohol consumption. It is also notable that most concerns about levels of alcohol consumption is directed particularly towards young people which most consider to be a link to crime and anti-social behaviour. As a result, there is no denying that a stigma has been attached to young people and alcohol. In the UK, general consum ption is on a rise. Data

Racism Its Lingering Essay Example For Students

Racism Its Lingering Essay Racism its LingeringMatchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter!Racism itsLingeringWhat would you do if the Constitution saidyou were just as good as everyone else but some people still acted as ifyou were something they had just scraped off their shoe? This sort of thinghappens to millions of people on a regular basis. Americans of African,Asian, or Mexican descent are all subject to this kind of treatment. Caucasiansare as well, but it is not as publicly notarized as the aforementioned. Most of these feelings towards anotherof a different skin color are deeply rooted in our minds from previousgenerations. Many, many years ago, African-Americans were used as slaves. The slave owners treated them badly. The owners own children then grewup with the same ideals and passed them on to the new generation. Throughthe years, people have spoke out about these ill-conceived ideas makingthe ominous threat of racism more discreet than ever before. While in asearch online, I discovered a numbered list of Klu Klux Klan, Aryan, Skinhead,and many other white supremacist groups. I was shocked when I saw how manythis one list had. It listed over 800 different groups. I know that numberis not nearly accurate because there are many smaller groups that havenot yet made themselves known publicly. Even people that do not belong in theseracially biased groups perform some acts of racism. Racial profiling- thediscriminatory practice by police of treating blackness (or brown-ness)as an indication of possible criminality. Driving While Black (or brown)is a campaign started by the American Civil Liberties Union because a studyshowed that minorities only make up 16% of all drivers, yet they are 74%of all drivers stopped and searched. Generally, only 12 to 13 percent ofthe U.S. citizens are African American, although Black inmates make up40.29 percent of death rows population. As of 1996, there have been 232citizens executed under the death penalty since 1977. Only one white personhas been put to death for the murder of a black person. One perfect example of true racial profilingand discrimination is this next story. Danny Glover, a famous African-Americanactor, was in New York City. It was late at night and he was trying tohail a cab. None of the cabs would stop and pick him up because of thefact that he was an African-American male. Stereotypical views like thoseof the cabbys are not rare. When a black person does not wear baggyjeans or say slang phrases such as, Yo homie, sup, people would oftendescribe that particular person as being too white. Similarly, if a whiteperson plays basketball or listens to rap music, we might think of himor her as being too black. All because of the stereotypical views implantedby the media and our ancestors in our brains. Movies, music, and yes, even Looney Tunes?,all put these ideas in our heads. Movies with the constant violence committedby minorities against whites are ridiculous. As aforementioned, LooneyTunes? also bring these ideals into the heart of our youth. You wake upearly on a Saturday morning to watch you favorite cartoon. When it comeson you gasp in horror as a Hillbilly tickles one of the Natives untilhe backs off a cliff, plummeting hundreds of feet to his death. Have youever noticed how all of the Chinese characters have slanted eyes, buckteeth,and were accompanied by a ringing gong in the background? I have. Thentheres little Sambo, he was one of the few African-American characterson Looney Tunes. He was absolutely adorable but incredibly half-witted. .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5 , .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5 .postImageUrl , .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5 , .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5:hover , .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5:visited , .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5:active { border:0!important; } .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5:active , .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5 .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u11c3ff33f38081275539cf60fd853fb5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ad Reinhardt Abstract Painting 19601965 EssayI believe all of this is absolutely ridiculous. Nobody should be putting these ideas into anyones head. It only makesone wonderWill Martin Luther King JRs vision of a color-blind societywhere everyone is equal and treated equal, ever come into existence? Onecan only hope so. I believe and will always believe that all men, and women,were created equal and they deserve to be treated that way. Bibliographyhttp://record.williams.edu/012098/opinions/avi.htmhttp://www.aclu.org/profiling/http://www.us.net/indc/race.htmhttp://www.netspace.org/herald/issues/96/04/24/dsouza.f.html

Irish Culture free essay sample

When thinking of the Irish culture, what does one think of? Clovers? Drunken men? Maybe so, but are those how true Irishmen and woman would see it. They would merely see it as a Shamrock and having a good time with friends and family telling folktales around a fire. The Irish culture is unique. One filled with joy, passion, and yes, maybe a few drinks. Today I am here to enlightening you about Irish wedding customs, cuisine and tradition of the kitchen, as well as folklore and myths. One thing that every different culture expresses uniquely is a marriage, or wedding.A typical Irish traditional wedding is a beautiful ceremony. From the stunning attire of both the bride and groom, traditionally the later would be dressed in a kilt made from the tartan of his clan, whereas the bride would usually wear white to show her purity. There is an old saying about the color of the brides dress†¦ Marry in white, everything’s right Marry in blue, lover be true Marry in pink, spirit’s will sink Marry in gray, live far away Marry in brown, live out of town Marry in green, ashamed to be seenMarry in yellow, ashamed of your fellow Marry in black, wish you were back Marry in red, wish you were dead Marry in tan, he’ll be a loved man Marry in pearl, you’ll live in a whirl†¦ Having said this, you might be able to fathom what such a unique wedding may be like in an Irish culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Irish Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Secondly, I would like to educate you about Irish cuisine. A traditional Irish meal is usually made up of very simple ingredients and is extremely easy to cook. Most Irish food recipes are made up of vegetables, meat or fish.These are the core ingredients for any traditional dish and have been the main source of food in Ireland for hundreds of years. It is practically a sin to leave the house on an empty stomach if one is Irish. The Full Irish Breakfast is famous throughout the world as being the only way to start the day. Also, an Irish woman knows the way to a man’s heart is through his stomach†¦ and in homes all across Ireland girls are taught how to cook that special breakfast if she ever wants to have a husband.Irish culture in the kitchen has influenced other nations and cultures all around and even America today. Lastly and most interestingly is Irish folktale and myths. Stories have been, and still are told around the fire, usually with the storyteller enjoying a ‘wee drop o the black stuff to wet his whistle’†¦ if you know what I mean. Family stories are passed down generation by generation. Irish families everywhere around an older family member and listen wide eyed as they are taken on an epic adventure full of danger and excitement.Many of the most fantastic tales and myths originate from Irish folktales such as the Leprechaun, the Lock Ness Monster and many more. Story telling plays a big part in the Irish culture and influences modern stories. In closing I hope that you all are now more aware, mindful, and hopefully respectful of the Irish culture knowing more about the traditions, cooking, and tales. This culture has been highly influential to the rest of the world for years and continues to be today. Without out it, one of you in this room may not be where you are today.

Mother to Child Transmission Essay Example

Mother to Child Transmission Essay Example Mother to Child Transmission Essay Mother to Child Transmission Essay What is mother-to-child transmission? Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is when an HIV-infected woman passes the virus to her baby. This can occur during pregnancy, labour and delivery, or breastfeeding. Without treatment, around 15-30% of babies born to HIV positive women will become infected with HIV during pregnancy and delivery. A further 5-20% will become infected through breastfeeding. 1 Is MTCT a major problem? In 2008, around 430,000 children under 15 became infected with HIV, mainly through mother-to-child transmission. About 90% of these MTCT infections occurred in Africa where AIDS is beginning to reverse decades of steady progress in child survival. 2 In high income countries MTCT has been virtually eliminated thanks to effective voluntary testing and counselling, access to antiretroviral therapy, safe delivery practices, and the widespread availability and safe use of breast-milk substitutes. If these interventions were used worldwide, they could save the lives of thousands of children each year. How can MTCT be prevented (PMTCT)? pic]An HIV positive mother and her HIV positive baby in India Effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) requires a three-fold strategy. 3 4 Preventing HIV infection among prospective parents making HIV testing and other prevention interventions available in services related to sexual health such as antenatal and postpartum care. Avoiding unwanted pregnancies among HIV positive women providing appropriate counseling and support to women living with HIV to enable them to make informed decisions about their reproductive lives. Preventing the transmission of HIV from HIV positive mothers to their infants during pregnancy, labour, delivery and breastfeeding. Integration of HIV care, treatment and support for women found to be positive and their families. The last of these can be achieved by the use of antiretroviral drugs, safer infant feeding practices and other interventions. Antiretroviral drugs Treatment for the mother Women who have reached the advanced stages of HIV disease require a combination of antiretroviral drugs for their own health. This treatment, which must be taken every day for the rest of a womans life, is also highly effective at preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT). Women who require treatment will usually be advised to take it, beginning either immediately or after the first trimester. Their newborn babies will usually be given a course of treatment for the first few days or weeks of life, to lower the risk even further. Pregnant women who do not yet need treatment for their own HIV infection can take a short course of drugs to help protect their unborn babies. The main options are outlined below, in order of complexity and effectiveness. Single dose nevirapine The simplest of all PMTCT drug regimens was tested in the HIVNET 012 trial, which took place in Uganda between 1997 and 1999. This study found that a single dose of nevirapine given to the mother at the onset of labour and to the baby after delivery roughly halved the rate of HIV transmission. 5 6 As it is given only once to the mother and baby, single dose nevirapine is relatively cheap and easy to administer. Since 2000, many thousands of babies in resource-poor countries have benefited from this simple intervention, which has been the mainstay of many PMTCT programmes. When is single dose nevirapine appropriate? A significant concern about the use of single dose nevirapine is drug resistance. Around a third of women who take single dose nevirapine develop drug resistant HIV,7 which can make subsequent treatment involving nevirapine and efavirenz (a related drug) less effective. Studies have found that drug resistance resulting from single dose nevirapine tends to decrease over time; if a mother waits at least six months before beginning treatment then it may be less likely to fail. 9  10 Nevertheless, in some cases the drug resistant HIV persists for many months in some parts of the body, even if it cannot be detected in the blood, and this may undermine the longer term effectiveness of treatment. 11 Whenever possible, women should receive a combination of drugs to prevent HIV resistan ce problems and to decrease MTCT rates even further. Among babies infected with HIV and exposed to single-dose nevirapine, around half have drug resistance at 6-8 weeks old. 12 Other infants may become infected with drug resistant HIV through breastfeeding. 13 Because of concerns about drug resistance and relatively low effectiveness, there is now general agreement that single dose nevirapine should be used only when no alternative PMTCT drug regimen is available. Whenever possible, women should receive a combination of drugs to prevent HIV resistance problems and to decrease MTCT rates even further. Nevirapine, however, is still the only single dose drug available to prevent MTCT. Other short course treatments require women to take drugs during and after pregnancy as well as during labour and delivery. This means they are much more expensive and more difficult to implement in resource poor settings than nevirapine, which can be used with little or no medical supervision at all. So, for now, single dose nevirapine remains the only practical choice for PMTCT of HIV in areas with minimal medical resources. Combining AZT with single dose nevirapine According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2006 guidelines,   the recommended course of drugs for preventing mother to child transmission (PMTCT) in resources-limited settings should be a combination of AZT and single dose NVP. This approach is much more difficult to administer than single dose nevirapine on its own, but it is also significantly more effective, and is less likely to lead to drug resistance. AZT was first shown to reduce MTCT rates in 1994, and is the best-studied drug for this purpose. Under the 2010 guidelines, all HIV positive mothers, identified during pregnancy, should receive an extensive course of antiretroviral drugs to prevent mother to child transmission. For more information about the 2010 recommendations, please see AVERTs 2010 WHO Guidelines page. If these extensive drugs are not available, then the 2006 recommended course might be an option and a woman should begin taking AZT after 28 weeks of pregnancy (or as soon as possible thereafter). During labour she should take AZT and 3TC, as well as a single dose of nevirapine. If the woman receives less than four weeks of AZT during pregnancy then her baby should receive AZT for four weeks instead of one. Triple combinations The most effective PMTCT therapy involves a combination of three antiretroviral drugs taken during the later stages of pregnancy and during labour. This therapy is essentially identical to the treatment taken by HIV-positive people for their own health, except that it is taken only for a few months, and the choice of drugs may be slightly different. Triple therapy is usually recommended to women in high-income countries, and is becoming more widespread in the rest of the world and the WHO 2010 Guidelines, reflects this. AVERT. org has more information about HIV and pregnancy, including a discussion of these more sophisticated regimens. HIVNET 012 controversies In mid December 2004 a news story appeared alleging that side effects from single dose nevirapine during the HIVNET 012 study had been covered up. It claimed that US officials had been warned that nevirapine research was flawed and may have underreported thousands of severe reactions including deaths. By the time this news story appeared, a committee from the US Institute of Medicine was already engaged in a major independent review of the design, conduct, results and validity of the HIVNET 012 study. After evaluating extensive material from a variety of sources and reviewing primary source documents from Uganda, the investigation reported its findings in April 2005. The committee found that the original report on the HIVNET 012 study was sound, presented in a balanced manner, and can be relied upon for scientific and policy-making purposes. The allegations about unreported deaths were found to be completely untrue. Of the 306 mothers who received nevirapine, 16 experienced serious adverse events, and only one was thought possibly to be due to nevirapine. 14 The safety and effectiveness of single dose nevirapine has been confirmed by many other clinical trails. Although long-term use of nevirapine has been linked to liver damage, there is no evidence of any significant safety risk from a single dose to prevent MTCT. The December 2004 press story (which seems to have arisen from a personal feud between US officials) has been thoroughly discredited. 14, 15, 16, 17 Numerous subsequent studies, including a large clinical trial in Thailand, have reaffirmed that nevirapine is safe and effective at preventing MTCT. 15 HIV and safer infant feeding [pic]African woman breastfeeding A number of studies have shown that the protective benefit of drugs is diminished when babies continue to be exposed to HIV through breastfeeding. 6 17 Mothers with HIV are advised not to breastfeed whenever the use of breast milk substitutes (formula) is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe. However if they live in a country where safe water is not available then the risk of life-threatening conditions from formula feeding may be higher than the risk fro m breastfeeding. An HIV positive mother should be counselled on the risks and benefits of different infant feeding options and should be helped to select the most suitable option for her situation. 18 A baby fed on infant formula does not receive the special vitamins, nutrients and protective agents found in breast milk. And the cost of infant formula often puts it beyond the reach of poor families in resource poor countries, even if the product is widely available. Many women also lack access to the knowledge, potable water and fuel needed to prepare replacement feeds safely, or simply have no time to prepare them. If used incorrectly mixed with unsafe water, for example, or over-diluted a breast milk substitute can cause infections, malnutrition and even death. Furthermore, if a mother chooses not to breastfeed in settings where breastfeeding is the norm then this may draw attention to her HIV status and invite discrimination, violence or abandonment by her family and community. Another factor worth noting is the contraceptive effect of breastfeeding, which can help to lengthen the interval between pregnancies. Infant feeding advice for women with regular access to antiretroviral drugs For HIV positive women who choose, or who are advised to breastfeed, the World Health Organizations (WHO) recommendations are based on whether a women has access to antiretroviral drugs or not. If a woman has support and a regular supply of antiretroviral drugs then she should exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months of an infants life and then introduce mix feeding until the infant is able to have a safe diet without breastmilk. Mixed feeding (breastfeeding mixed with bottle feeding of water or formula, or providing other foods) is only safe in this situation because the mother or infant is taking antiretrovirals. Infant feeding advice for women who do not have regular access to antiretroviral drugs In situations where health services cannot supply women or infants with a regular supply of antiretroviral drugs, for an extended period of time, women are recommended to exclusive breastfeed for the first 6 months of an infants life and rapidly wean to avoid mixed feeding. Mixed feeding is not recommend because studies suggest it carries a higher risk than exclusive breastfeeding. Potentially this is because it damages the lining of the babys stomach and intestines thus making it easier for HIV in breast milk to infect the baby. If a HIV positive mother does not have access to ARVs she is strongly recommended to rapidly wean. Unfortunately, the best duration for this is not yet known and may vary according to the infants age and/or the environment 19 20. Read more about HIV and breastfeeding. Caesarean sections A caesarean section is an operation to deliver a baby through its mother’s abdominal wall. When a mother is HIV positive a caesarean section may be done to protect the baby from direct contact with her blood and other bodily fluids. However, as with formula feeding, there is a need to weigh the risk of HIV transmission against the risk of harm due to the intervention. If the mother is taking combination antiretroviral therapy then a caesarean section will often not be recommended because the risk of HIV transmission will already be very low. Caesarean delivery may be recommended if the mother has a high level of HIV in her blood, but the procedure is seldom available and/or safe in resource poor settings. Challenges faced by PMTCT programmes Even where PMTCT services are available, not all women receive the full benefit. Reasons for HIV positive pregnant women not accessing drugs include: Not being offered an HIV test Refusing to take an HIV test Not returning for follow up visits Not adhering to self-administered drugs HIV testing is critical because women who do not know they are HIV positive cannot benefit from interventions. In 2009 an estimated 26% of the estimated 125 million pregnant women in low and middle-income countries received an HIV test. 21 However some women refuse to be tested because they fear learning that they have a life-threatening condition; because they distrust HIV tests; or because they do not expect their results to remain confidential, and fear stigma and discrimination following a positive result. Women having tested negative early in pregnancy can become infected during pregnancy; without returning to clinics for retesting treatment is not accessed22 . Sometimes women who test HIV positive do not return to clinics for follow up visits, or fail to take the drugs they have been given. This can happen because they have had negative experiences nteracting with clinic staff, fear or stigma or disclosure and because they did not receive adequate HIV counseling. because they have been poorly informed about HIV transmission and how it can be prevented. Fear of disclosure is a common rea son why women are reluctant to return to their HIV clinic. In the words of a woman from Cote dIvoire: My husband might see me with the medicines, and he will want to know what they are for. That way he will find out about my [HIV positive test] result. Even the location bothers me, because everyone who comes to the clinic knows what goes on [at the programme]. As soon as a pregnant woman is seen coming here, its known right away that she is seropositive. 23 One of the major problems in preventing mother-to-child transmission, it has been argued, is making the provision of ARV drugs the focus of PMTCT efforts. Access to other services such as counselling, care and treatment services, infant-feeding guidance, and in particular sexual and reproductive health is ignored as a result. 24   Therefore, it should not be assumed that the proportion of HIV-positive pregnant women who are receiving antiretroviral prophylaxis to prevent their child becoming infected – estimated at one-third in low and middle-income countries – are receivi ng comprehensive PMTCT services. 25 To achieve a high success rate, PMTCT programmes must have well-trained, supportive staff who take great care to ensure confidentiality. They must be backed up by effective HIV testing and counselling programmes and by good quality HIV/AIDS education, which is essential to eliminate myths and misunderstandings among pregnant women, and to counter stigma and discrimination in the wider community. Under these conditions, antiretroviral drugs have the potential to save many thousands of babies lives. International PMTCT initiatives There are a number of large-scale international initiatives to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. These include: 1. The Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) 2. MTCT-Plus 3. The Global Fund 4. The Call to Action Project 5. The UN Interagency Task Team on MTCT The Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) On June 19th 2002, US President Bush announced a new $500 million International Mother and Child HIV Prevention Initiative to prevent the transmission of HIV from mothers to infants and to improve health care delivery in Africa and the Caribbean. The Initiative was later integrated into the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). In 2008 PEPFAR was reauthorized with the original $ 15 billion funding now tripled to $ 48 billion over the next five years. The original Initiative had the aim of reaching one million women with HIV testing and counselling and providing preventive drugs to 80 per cent of HIV positive delivering women by 2007. It aimed to reduce mother-to-child transmission by 40 percent in its fourteen focus countries, twelve of which are in Africa. From fiscal year 2004 to FY 2007, PEPFAR has supported prevention of MTCT for women during more than 10 million pregnancies with antiretroviral drugs being provided in over 827,000 pregnancies. This has resulted in the prevention of an estimated 157,000 infant HIV infections. 26 AVERT. org has more information about the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief in our PEPFAR page. MTCT-Plus The MTCT-Plus Initiative was established in 2002, and is coordinated by the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University. The Initiative aims to move beyond interventions aimed only at preventing infant HIV infection. It does this by supporting the provision of specialised care to HIV-infected women, their partners and their children who are identified in MTCT programmes. Funding for the initiative is provided by a group of private foundations, including the Gates Foundation, the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation, as well as by PEPFAR via USAID. The MTCT-Plus Initiative provides operational funding, medications, training and technical assistance at 13 sites in sub-Saharan Africa and at one site in Thailand. Since its inception MTCT-Plus has provided care and treatment to more than 16,000 adults and children. 27 The Global Fund The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is a public-private partnership that distributes grants worldwide to fund HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment programmes. Grants are distributed over two years and most countries receive some grants to fund PMTCT programmes. In 2008 the Global Fund announced that 271,000 HIV positive pregnant women had been reached with prophylaxis for PMTCT through Global Fund money in 2007. 28 AVERT. org has more about The Global Fund. The Call to Action Project The Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation initiated the Call to Action Project (CTA) in September 1999 to help reduce MTCT of HIV in resource poor countries. The CTA is a public-private partnership that receives funding from both private sources such as the Gates Foundation and government grants. CTA has worked or is now working at approximately 400 sites in nineteen countries worldwide, of which twelve are in Africa.

Grant Wood, American Gothic Painter

Grant Wood, American Gothic Painter Grant Wood (1891 -1942) is one of the best-known and most revered American artists of the 20th century. His American Gothic painting is iconic. Some critics derided his regionalist art as influenced by pernicious political theories. Others saw hints of sly camp humor impacted by Woods closeted homosexuality. Fast Facts: Grant Wood Occupation: PainterStyle: RegionalismBorn: February 13, 1891 in Anamosa, IowaDied: February 12, 1942 in Iowa City, IowaSpouse: Sara Maxon (m. 1935-1938)Selected Works: American Gothic (1930), Midnight Ride of Paul Revere (1931), Parson Weems Fable (1939)Notable Quote: All the good ideas I ever had came to me while I was milking a cow. Early Life and Career Born in rural Iowa, Grant Wood spent much of his childhood on a farm. His father died suddenly in 1901 when Grant was ten years old. Following the death, his mother moved their family to the small nearby city of Cedar Rapids. Along with his older brother, Grant Wood took odd jobs to help provide financial support for their family. Wood showed an interest in drawing and painting while attending Cedar Rapids public schools. He submitted his work to a national competition in 1905 and won third place. The success cemented his determination to be a professional artist. Grant Woods boyhood home in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Bill Whittaker / Wikimedia Commons / Creative Commons 3.0 While in high school, Grant Wood began designing stage sets with fellow artist Marvin Cone and began volunteering at the Cedar Rapids Art Association, which later became the Cedar Rapids Museum of Art. Following high school graduation, Wood took a summer course at the Minneapolis School of Design and Handicraft in Minnesota. He also took art classes at the University of Iowa. In 1913, Grant Wood moved to Chicago, making jewelry to support himself and his night classes at the Art Institute of Chicago. Following the failure of his jewelry business, Wood returned to Cedar Rapids in 1916 and worked as a home builder and decorator to support his mother and his youngest sister, Nan. Rise to Prominence After World War I ended in 1919, Grant Wood took a position teaching art at a local Cedar Rapids middle school. The new income helped finance a trip to Europe in 1920 to study European art. In 1925, Wood left his teaching position to focus on art full time. Following a third trip to Paris in 1926, he decided to focus on the common elements of life in Iowa in his art, making him a regionalist artist. Residents of Cedar Rapids embraced the young artist and offered jobs designing stained glass windows, executing commissioned portraits, and creating home interiors. In the wake of national recognition for his paintings, Grant Wood helped form the Stone City Art Colony in 1932 with gallery director Edward Rowan. It was a group of artists who resided near Cedar Rapids in a village of whitewashed, tidy wagons. The artists also taught classes at nearby Coe College. Midnight Ride of Paul Revere (1931). Francis G. Mayer / Getty Images American Gothic In 1930, Grant Wood submitted his painting American Gothic to a show at the Art Institute of Chicago. It depicts, presumably, a farming couple, either married or a father and daughter, standing in front of their frame house with a large gothic window. The models for the couple were Grant Woods dentist and his younger sister, Nan. The Chicago Evening Post published an image of American Gothic two days before the show, and it became practically an overnight sensation. Newspapers across the country reproduced the image, and the Art Institute of Chicago bought the painting for their permanent collection. Initially, many Iowans criticized the work thinking that Grant Wood depicted them as grim-faced Puritans. However, some saw it as satire, and Wood insisted that it represented his appreciation for Iowa. American Gothic (1930). GraphicaArtis / Getty Images American Gothic remains one of the most iconic American paintings of the 20th century. Countless parodies from Gordon Parks stunning 1942 photo American Gothic, Washington, D.C. to the closing image of the opening credits for the 1960s TV show Green Acres are a testament to the enduring power of the portrait. Later Career Grant Wood painted most of his key works in the 1930s, including 1931s Midnight Ride of Paul Revere,- a theatrically-lit depiction of Henry Wadsworth Longfellows legendary poem- , and 1939s unique take on the George Washington cherry tree legend in Parson Weems Fable. During the period, he also taught art at the University of Iowa. By the end of the decade, he was one of the most famous American artists. Parson Weems Fable (1939). Amon Carter Museum / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain Unfortunately, the final three years of Grant Woods life and career were rife with frustration and controversy. His ill-considered marriage, according to his friends, ended in the late 1930s. Lester Longman, a devotee of European-led avant-garde modern art, became the chair of the art department at the University of Iowa. After clashes with Wood and public efforts to discredit him, the universitys most famous artist left his position in 1941. Later investigations discovered that rumors of homosexuality also drove some of the efforts to remove him from the university faculty. In 1941, just as it seemed that some of the controversies were settling down, Grant Wood received a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. He died a few months later in February 1942. Legacy For many casual observers of art, Grant Wood remains one of the most popular and revered of 20th-century American artists. Along with Thomas Hart Benton, Wood is one of the most prominent of American regionalist painters. However, the controversies that began at the University of Iowa have raised questions about his reputation since. Some critics dismissed regionalism as inspired by fascist and communist principles. Daughters of Revolution (1932). Francis G. Mayer / Getty Images Art historians also continue to reevaluate Grant Woods art in the light of his closeted homosexuality. Some see the satire and double meanings in his work as part of the camp humor sensibility in gay culture. Sources Evans, R. Tripp. Grant Wood: A Life. Knopf, 2010.Haskell, Barbara. Grant Wood: American Gothic and Other Fables. Whitney Museum of American Art, 2018.

FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FUNDAMENTALS OF FINANCE - Assignment Example From the Table in 4(a), it is evident that the higher the portfolio’s expected returns, the higher the standard deviation. This also means that the higher the returns the higher the risk, hence the above discussed risk-return relationship holds for shares property and bonds. This relationship is also observed in the chart in 4(b), since, for example, the shares are moving more radically and their returns are the highest; and this trend holds even for property and bonds. The radical plunge in prices in the last quarter of 2008 is majorly attributable to the effect of the global financial crisis that occurred during that time. This decline in prices was a major indicator of the crisis, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in demand in the financial markets, as many people observed their retirement accounts water down (Bartram and Gordon, 2009; Dwyer and Paula, 2009 ). It is important that the investments are spread over a variety of assets like the fixed income, equities and cash. This is because each asset class perfoms differently from the others as a result of its unique balance of risks and rewards. Diversification calls for the need to know the security an investor needs. Therefore, diversification is where there is a need to spread each asset investment over different types of securities. Most importantly, an investors needs to know their risk profile so they decide how to allocate their assets, on the basis of risk-return relationship. From example, from 4(a), one can combine growth fund which is very risky, with conservative fund which is less risky – so that one can continue enjoying substantial returns and even in the event of a crisis one does not lose significantly (Kapur and Orszag, 1999). b. If your group had $50,000 to invest in a managed fund, which specific portfolio would you choose from those offered in Question 4? Justify your choice by including a reference to the characteristics of financial

Marijuana Should not be Legalized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marijuana Should not be Legalized - Essay Example People from these religions want these laws to be removed as soon as possible. The adverse effects of marijuana can never be ignored. Prolonged use may cause severe depression and other mental disorders. Moreover, American government have introduced healthy tax scheme on the cultivation, to discourage the exercise (Svrakic and Lynn 90). Origin By definition, marijuana is an American term for dried flowers and leaves of the cannabis plant. Marijuana is basically harvested from the ‘cannabis sativa’ plant. Cannabis plant, also known as hemp plant, is believed to have originated from central Asia. This plant has been found in tombs in about 8000BCE. Some details were also found about the growth of cannabis in china, for the purpose of gaining fiber from it. Cannabis is very versatile plant. It can grow in almost all climatic conditions. This is one of the reasons of its increasing growth throughout the globe.Marijuana comes from the leaves and the flower of the hemp or the cannabis plant. These parts of the plant contain a substance known as the Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This substance gives marijuana its psychoactive properties. From the date of its discovery, people call marijuana by different names. Some of them are Ganja, pot, weed, grass, dope, skunk, wacky tobacco etc. In some countries of the world, Mari juana is called as Marihuana, by replacing ‘j’ with ‘h’.How Marijuana Started Spreading Addiction

Compare contrast essay Essay Example for Free

Compare contrast essay Essay Novelist Paul Sheldon has plans to make the difficult transition from writing historical romances featuring heroine Misery Chastain to publishing literary fiction. Annie Wilkes, Sheldons number one fan, rescues the author from the scene of a car accident. The former nurse takes care of him in her remote house, but becomes irate when she discovers that the author has killed Misery off in his latest book. Annie keeps Sheldon prisoner while forcing him to write a book that brings Misery back to life. Compare Contrast Essay â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by: William Faulkner â€Å"Misery† by: Stephen King I’ve chosen to compare contrast â€Å"A Rose for Emily† By: William Faulkner with â€Å"Misery† By: Stephen King, Obsessive women, broken ankles, trapped men Suspenseful endings both of these stories have a lot in common. In Stephen King’s â€Å"Misery† A Famous Novelist named Paul Sheldon is transitioning his writing from Romance to Fiction. While on his way to Colorado from his winter hide away he is in a horrific car accident brought on by the harsh weather conditions. Thankfully the writer’s number one fan and former nurse Annie Wilkes lived nearby and saved Paul from freezing to  death. Annie Wilkes just like Miss Emily Grierson lived isolated and away from the world, though Miss Emily lived in the town Annie Wilkes didn’t Miss Emily Isolated herself socially by not leaving her home nor opening the door when people of the town came by. Annie However, actually lived in an isolated cabin in the mountains. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† people of the town feel sorry for her because after losing her father (page: 207 she was sick for a long time), But not long after they began seeing her with a gentle man named Homer Barran. A construction worker who had come into town to pave the sidewalks. After a year of being with Homer the towns folk began saying they would marry even though Homer claimed to like men (page: 209, He was not a marrying man). One evening after  ending their relationship Homer went to see Miss Emily using rat poison she killed him and let everyone believe he left and went on with his life while she hid his remains. Annie Wilkes didn’t kill Paul Sheldon, but took advantage of the fact that he had been put in critical condition due to the car accident she removed him from. For weeks she held him captive until he gave her favorite novel the proper ending it deserved. After noticing his several, sneaky attempts to escape Annie straps Paul to the bed and cripple s him by breaking both his ankles with a sledge hammer. Both of these women felt the need to keep these men hidden, trapped, and injured so they may stay with them forever. Miss Emily trapped Homer in death to stay with her since he had no interest in marrying her. In â€Å"Misery† Prior to having his ankles broken Paul finds newspaper clippings of previous victims of Annie where she was never convicted, He then realizes he may be next on her list. Soon after crippling Paul an officer drops by to see if Annie was aware that Novelist Paul Sheldon was missing and they were searching for him. Paul hears the officer and yells for help when Annie hears his screams she kills the officer and Paul is left once more to endure her gruesome punishment. Neither one of the men could predict what was going to happen to them, but Homer didn’t endure being tortured nor was he held captive for weeks. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Miss Emily was never caught nor suspected for the  disappearance of Homer. After the death of Miss Emily and after her services the town folk were curious to see   the inside of her home. (page 211, there was one room that no one had seen in forty years, and which would have to be forced). After entering the room they noticed mens toiletries, suits, ties and a pair of shoes even more so they noticed the man in her bed, His well over rotten body lay there in a nightshirt and next to him they could see where Miss Emily would lay beside him every night after his death. Unlike Miss Emily Annie didn’t get away with what she did to Paul, after killing the officer Paul tricks her into buying Champagne and cigars to celebrate the return of Misery, while setting up for their night of celebration Paul lights the re-written novel on fire and throws it. Annie begins to put out the flame when Paul slams his typewriter on the top of her head and shoves pieces of the burned novel pages into her mouth, she then dies of a fractured skull. Sometime after Paul is rescued by police. Both of these stories where great and though they are in different settings the characters shared similar physiological problems and depression. I think if both of these women met and could ever be in the same story there would be gory, suspenseful, torturing of men. I would like to read a book where Stephen King and William Faulkner write a story sharing both their ideas, I think it would be very interesting, thrilling and great to read.

Fear and Loathing On the Campaign Trail 821772 :: Essays Papers

Fear and Loathing On the Campaign Trail 821772 I knew I was in for something different before even opening the book. On the cover of the book was a skull colored by the American flag, with swastikas in its eye sockets. I wasn’t quite sure what to expect, as I had no idea who Hunter S. Thompson was. I opened the book and began to read through the author’s preface. Throughout were numerous references to drugs, sex, and politics. I began to get a picture of who HST was and about his style of writing. HTS revolutionized modern journalism with a style all his own. He evolved a new style of journalism called â€Å"Gonzo† journalism. This bold and brazen style of journalism is the telling of the blatant truth with no thought of consequence. According to Thompson "The true Gonzo reporter needs the talent of a master journalist, the eye of an artist/photographer and the heavy balls of an actor.† A gonzo journalist does not proofread his work, because that would take away from the spontaneous of the event. A Gonzo journalist will witness an event, and either at the time of it, or shortly thereafter completely write about it. When written at an event, "The reporter works his fingers to bloody nubs trying to capture all that is happening around him, and then sends it off to the editor without a second look.† Bill Cardoso a close friend of HTS’ coined the term "gonzo" in a letter regarding an article written about the Kentucky Derby in which he wrote: "The Kentucky Derby is Decadent and Depraved", and was more about white trash than horses. Cardoso wrote, "I don't know what the f*** you're doing, but you've changed everything. It's totally gonzo". Cardoso, himself a journalist, claims that "gonzo" is actually a corruption of a French Canadian word, "gonzeaux", meaning, "shining path". Gonzo journalism is also highly subjective. When a Gonzo style article is written, it is clearly known where the writer stands on the topic of the article. You become immersed in the writer’s feelings, thoughts, and views on whatever is being written about. HST is constantly extremely critical and scrutinizes every situation he ends up in with a sarcastic, humorous and/or vulgar twist. I enjoy this part of his writing because it makes everything more interesting to read.

McDonald’s Current Market Strategies Essay

McDonald’s stands as the world’s largest hamburger chain with over 30,000 stores in 120 countries. Yet as strong as it stands in the hamburger industry, it is still vulnerable to price competition and the current federal unemployment rate. In order to try to overcome a low profit margin, McDonald’s is presently pursuing new strategies to help increase its market share in other industries. The primary objectives being targeted includes, growth in sales, increase in profitability and market share. Current Strategies Being Pursued According to CEO, Jim Skinner, McDonald’s â€Å"Plan to Win† strategy includes, â€Å"Giving our customers a unique balance of food and beverage choices is driving performance in every area of the world.† Skinner also stated, â€Å"We’re offering new menu items and classic favorites, including premium and value selections, all for our customers to enjoy in our convenient, contemporary restaurants. We intend to continue our momentum by further enhancing the McDonald’s experience and giving customers even more reasons to visit† (McDonald’ Corp, 2010). They are executing product development strategies by expanding the famous Dollar Menu. Due to constant price competition McDonald’s is trying to increase sales by attracting more customers into their stores by promoting products in the economical Dollar Menu. After evaluating McDonald’s current strategies, one of the leading strategies McDonald’s is trying to achieve is market penetration by focusing efforts on increasing their presence in the coffee industry. Due to recent closures of Starbuck stores and the current high unemployment level, fewer consumers are able to pay a high price for a cup of coffee. This has given McDonald’s an opportunity to enter the coffee industry, and positioning themselves as the low price option by offering free McCafà ¨ mochas every Monday from 7 am to 7 pm to every customer. In addition, by offering an assortment of lower priced coffee drinks McDonald’s is beginning to attract new customers. According to Michael Bauer from SFGate, â€Å"about 48% of Starbucks customers visit McDonald’s at least once a week.† In response to a decline in demand for Starbucks products, they lowered their prices, yet McDonald’s coffee drinks remain 25%-40% cheaper. Coupled with low prices, increasing marketing efforts within the coffee industry has allowed McDonald’s market share to increase by 5.4%. The use of franchising has always been a central strategy to McDonald’s ability for rapid expansion. McDonald’s involvement in forward integration through the use of proceeds from the sale of company owned stores helping finance franchisees and buy back company stock, while paying higher dividends and creating other investments for benefit shareholders (David, 2011, 2009, 2007) clearly implies McDonald’s intention to focus on franchising and not company owned stores. Through strategies such as â€Å"Plan to Win†, McDonald’s has established themselves as a very effective franchise option. Due to the majority of their stores being franchised, McDonald’s Corporation can continue to rely on constant production from franchisees. Conclusion As previously discussed, the strategies McDonald’s is currently pursuing include, but not limited to, market penetration, forward integration, and product development. Each of these strategies are cruicial to McDonald’s success. â€Å"McDonald’s customer focus, menu innovation and the ongoing modernization of our restaurants continue to drive our business momentum,† said Chief Executive Officer Jim Skinner. â€Å"However, there are additional strategies McDonald’s will consider pursuing to ensure economical market advantage and customer satisfaction . References Baertlin L., Wohl, J. McDonald’s October same-store sales up, U.S. slips. (2009, November 09). Reuters. Retrieved November 8, 2010 from http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5A822F20091109 David, F. R. (2011). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. McDonald’s Corp. (2010, September 09). Clear Station. Retrieved November 8, 2010, from http://clearstation.etrade.com/cgibin/bbs?post_id=9490105&Refer=http://clearstation.etrade.com/doc/newcoming.html McDonald’s Corp. (2010, October 10). Clear Station. Retrieved November 8, 2010, from http://clearstation.etrade.com/cgi-bin/bbs?post_id=9530212&Refer=http://clearstation.etrade.com/doc/newcoming.html Shepherd, L. Starbucks’ rivals brew up a coffee war. (2007, March 26). MSN Money. Retrieved November 8, 2010 from http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/Extra/DunkinAndMcDonaldsTakeOnStarbucks.aspx

Why Did the Us Enter World War I

Why did the United States enter World War I in 1917? On June 28th 1914, Franz Ferdinand, the Austrian archduke, and his wife were murdered by a Bosnian revolutionary named Gavrilo Princip. This assassination triggered declarations of war. Firstly, this gave Austria a reason to attack Serbia. This then led to Russia mobilizing their army in order to defend Serbia, which then led to Germany executing â€Å"The Plan† and attacking France through Belgium. The domino effect continued and war broke out due to a mixture of things.Alliances played a great role in the war, as each nations began forming and expanding their militaries. The war was â€Å"Central Powers† vs. â€Å"Allied Powers†. The central powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria and Romania (which changed sides half way through the war). The Allied Powers consisted of France, USSR, The British Empire, Serbia and the USA. The United States initially wanted to stay out of the war mainly because they declared that they would be a â€Å"neutral† nation that only acts as a â€Å"peacemaker†.President Wilson declared numerous time that â€Å"The United States was too proud to fight† and would not be entering the war. He also mentioned that the U. S. would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare. Before America’s entry, The U. S-German relations were neutral. They were not much involved with each other apart from political and labor relations. America’s opinion changed throughout the war after the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman Telegram and because of the European alliances that America was involved with.America’s entry in World War 1 in 1917 was based on a number of key factors Economics, Retaliation and Pre-emption. Economics – .. At the time, the US had large economic investments with the British and French. If Germany was to win the war it was not clear what would happen to those investments. Protecting France and Britain was therefore in a way protecting their investment. If the U. S. joined the war, their strong military forces, especially allied with France, Britain and USSR, would substantially increase the chance of winning.Retaliation – One of Germany’s great t=strengths was it’s submarine fleet. By controlling the seas the Germans would be able to destroy the shipment of arms to the allies. Their prime reason for sinking the Lusitania was the German belief that their were weapons on board. Unfortunately the Germans killed 128 American nationals when they torpedoed the Lusitania. This was a key contributing fact to the US joining the wasr on the side of the Allies two years later. Prevention – One of the main reasons for the US entry in to the war however was the Zimmerman Telegram.This was a proposal from Germany to Mexico asking them to go to war against the U. S. Germany did this in the hope that by keeping the US engaged close to home with a lo cal war, it would be prevented from entering the war in European. . However, when the U. S. found out about this coded communication which was intercepted by the British,, they saw this as an act of aggression by Germany and in order to pre-emp being drawn in to the war on someone else’s terms decided to pre-empt the situation and take matters in to their own hands.Interestingly no one has seen the telegram itself and accordingly some believed that Britain made it up in order to get America involved in the war. The major objective for U. S. ’s entry in the war was its wish to have greater influence in post-war Europe, especially with their newly acquired economic strength. Even though when America joined World War 1 it was already coming to an end, their entry did make an impact on the war. In the short term, their entry was a downside as it almost caused German victory.Germany was well aware that the American troops would overwhelm the Germans when they would arrive, so Germany launched a massive offensive to gain victory before America could transport enough troops into Europe, however the offensive ended up halting and turning back just outside of Paris. In the long term, America’s entry was an upside because, as the war was already coming to an end, both sides were exhausted. America was fresh and ready to fight a war, which helped motivate the Allies. The U. S. brought new equipment and military force which was a gain for the Allies and helped win the war.The U. S. entered the war at the right time because they did manage to bring fresh troops and new equipment into Europe. Before the Lusitania, America did not have any reason to enter the war. It would also have been going against their will to be neutral. Their entry did impact positively, however may not have been necessary and did go against their initial plan. It also caused America to make some enemies in Europe, which ended up causing them to be sucked into more European issues . Positively, it also bonded the U. S. with many European nations, which were very strong politically and economically.

Public Management Example

Public Management Example Public Management – Article Example Public Management Public Management The study by West and Berman acknowledges that not enough information is available about managers in the public sector, their work habits and how they impact views of organizational performance. They further recommended that a practical strategy of working individually with managers effectively identifies, tackles and conquers bad management habits at work (West & Berman, 2011). Although fruitful habits are observed among the top managers of city governments, they are intertwined with some bad habits in management work and their presence is too significant to ignore. The undesirable habits are commonly exhibited by managers who are overly judgmental, passive, intimidating and defensive and lack open mindedness. These unproductive work habits in management significantly compromise the gains realized from the productive work habits (West & Berman, 2011). They also stand in the way of promoting the beneficial habits. Raising awareness and exposing bad habits of managers is the correct way towards better performance. Perry, Hondeghem and Wise (2010) refer to motivation as the widely varied forces that direct, energize and uphold behavior. They believe that Public Service Motivation (PSM) has its roots in unique motives found among public servants while workers in the private sector possess their own motives. The review by Perry, Hondeghem and Wise (2010) implies that at the core of the PSM construct, there is an inclination of people in the public sector to do good for the society. Although discrepancies in inclination occur, there is a commonality in that behavior of humans is driven by motives to regard others and not merely self interests and concerns. PSM provides an alternative view for research of public management and rational choice theories (Perry, Hondeghem & Wise, 2010). ReferencesPerry, J. L., Hondeghem, A. & Wise, L. (2010). Revisiting the motivational bases of public service: twenty years of research and an agenda f or the future. Public Administration Review, 70(5).West, J. P. & Berman, E. M. (2011). The impact of management work habits on public sector performance: A study of local government managers. Public Personnel Management, 40(1), 63-87.

Coral Eugene Watts The Sunday Morning Slasher

Coral Eugene Watts The Sunday Morning Slasher Carl Eugene Watts, dubbed â€Å"The Sunday Morning Slasher,† murdered 80 women in Texas, Michigan and Ontario, Canada, from 1974-1982. Watts kidnapped his victims from their homes, tortured them either by slashing them with a knife until they bled to death or drowned them in a bathtub. Early Years Carl Eugene Watts was born in Fort Hood, Texas on November 7, 1953, to Richard and Dorothy Watts. In 1955, Dorothy left Richard. She and Carl moved to Inkstar, Illinois, right outside of Detroit. Dorothy taught art to kindergarten children, leaving much of Carls young development in the hands of her mother. She also started dating again, and in 1962 she married Norman Caesar. Within a few years, they had two girls. Watts was now the big brother, but it was a role he never embraced. Sadistic Sexual Fantasies At the age of 13, Watts suffered from meningitis and high fevers and he was pulled out of school for several months. During his illness, he entertained himself by hunting and skinning rabbits. He also enjoyed constant fantasies that involved torturing and killing girls. School had always been challenging for Watts. When he was in grammar school, he was a shy and withdrawn child and was often teased by the class bullies. His reading skills were far below that of his peers, and he struggled with retaining much of what was being taught. When Watts finally returned to his class after being sick, he was unable to catch up. The decision was made to have him repeat the eighth grade, which humiliated him. Watts, an academic failure, turned into a good athlete. He participated in the Silver Gloves boxing program that helped teach boys respect for themselves and discipline. Unfortunately for Watts, the boxing program stimulated his aggressive desire to attack people. He was constantly in trouble at school for physically confronting classmates, especially the girls. At the age of 15, he attacked and sexually assaulted a woman in her home. She was his customer on his paper route. When Watts was arrested, he told the police he attacked the woman because he just felt like beating someone up. Institutionalized In September 1969, after being prompted by his lawyer, Watts was institutionalized at the Lafayette Clinic in Detroit. It was there that doctors discovered that Watts had an IQ in the low 70s and suffered from a mild case of mental retardation that impeded his thought processes. However, after only three months, he was evaluated again and placed on outpatient treatment, despite the doctors final review which described Watts as paranoid with strong homicidal impulses. The doctor wrote that Watts behavioral controls were faulty and that he displayed a high potential for violently acting out. He ended the report by saying Watts should be considered dangerous. Despite the report, the young and dangerous Eugene Watts was allowed to return to school, his penchant for violence unknown to his unsuspecting classmates. It was a baffling decision that almost assured a deadly outcome. High School and College Watts continued high school after his release from the hospital. He returned to sports and poor grades. He also took drugs, was described as severely withdrawn. He was often disciplined by school officials for being aggressive and stalking his female classmates. From the time that Watts was released to the outpatient program in 1969 until the time he graduated high school in 1973, he only went to the outpatient clinic a few times, despite the fact that school officials were constantly having to deal with his violent episodes. After finishing high school. Watts was accepted to Lane College in Jackson, Tennessee on a football scholarship, but he was expelled after three months for stalking and sexually assaulting women and for being a prime suspect in the unsolved murder of a female student. Second Psychological Evaluation Watts was, however, able to return to college and was even accepted into a special scholarship and mentoring program sponsored by Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo. Before attending the program, he was again evaluated at the outpatient facility and again the doctor said that Watts was still a danger and had a strong impulse to beat up women, but due to patient confidentiality laws, staffers were unable to alert Kalamazoo authorities or officials at Western Michigan University. On October 25, 1974, Lenore Knizacky answered her door and was attacked by a man who said he was looking for Charles. She fought back and survived. Five days later, Gloria Steele, 19, was found dead with 33 stab wounds to her chest. A witness reported speaking with a man at Steele’s complex, who said he was looking for Charles. Diane Williams reported being attacked on November 12, under the same circumstances. She survived and managed to see the attackers car and make a report to the police. Watts was picked out in a line-up by Knizacky and Williams and arrested on assault and battery charges. He admitted to attacking 15 females but refused to talk about the Steele murder. His attorney arranged for Watts to commit himself into the Kalamazoo State Hospital. The hospital psychiatrist investigated Watts background and learned that at Lane College, Watts was suspected of having possibly killed two women by choking them. He diagnosed Watts as having an anti-social personality disorder. Competently Dangerous Before Watts trial for assault and battery charges, he had a court-ordered evaluation at the Center for Forensic Psychiatry in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The examining doctor described Watts as dangerous and felt he would most likely attack again. He also found him competent to stand trial. Carl, or Coral as he started to call himself, pleaded â€Å"no contest,† and received a one-year sentence on the assault and battery charges. He was never charged in the murder of Steele. In June 1976, he was out of jail and back home in Detroit with his mother. The Sunday Morning Slasher Emerges Ann Arbor is 40 miles west of Detroit and the home of The University of Michigan. In April 1980, the Ann Arbor police were called to the home of 17-year-old Shirley Small. She had been attacked and repeatedly cut with an instrument resembling a scalpel. She bled to death on the sidewalk where she fell. Glenda Richmond, 26, was the next victim. She was found near her doorway, dead from over 28 stab wounds.  Rebecca Greer, 20, was next. She died outside her door after being stabbed 54 times. Detective Paul Bunten headed a task force that had been formed to investigate what the newspapers had dubbed the murders of women by The Sunday Morning Slasher, but there was very little for Bunten to investigate. His team had no evidence and no witnesses to a long list of murders and attempted murders that had occurred within five months. When Sergeant Arthurs from Detroit read about the Slasher murders going on in Ann Arbor, he noticed that the attacks were similar to those that he had arrested Carl Watts for when he was a paperboy. Arthurs contacted the task force and gave them Watts name and the details of the crime. Within months, attacks in neighboring Wisteria, Ontario, were being reported that were of the same nature as those in Ann Arbor and Detroit. Adult, Father, and Husband By now, Watts was no longer a failing student with drug problems. He was 27 years old and working with his stepfather at a trucking company. He had fathered a daughter with his girlfriend, and later met another woman whom he married in August 1979, but who divorced him eight months later because of Watts’ strange behavior. More Murders, 1979-1980 In October 1979 Watts was arrested for prowling around in a Southfield, Detroit suburb. The charges were later dropped. Investigators noted that during the previous year, five women in the same suburb were assaulted on separate occasions, but with similar circumstances. None were killed, nor could any of them identify their attacker. During 1979 and 1980, attacks on women in Detroit and surrounding areas became more frequent and violent.  By the summer of 1980, whatever had been keeping Coral Watts uncontrollable urge to torture, and murder women at bay were no longer working. It was as if a demon had possessed him. Additionally, he was under tremendous stress as the investigators from Ann Arbor, and Detroit seemed to be getting closer to solving the identity of the â€Å"Sunday Morning Slasher.† Watts had no alternative: he needed to find a new killing zone. The Windsor, Ontario Connection In July 1980, in Windsor, Ontario Irene Kondratowiz, 22, was attacked by a stranger. Despite her throat being slashed, she had managed to live. Sandra Dalpe, 20, having been stabbed from behind, had also survived. Mary Angus, 30, of Windsor, escaped attack by screaming when she realized she was being followed. She picked Watts out of a photo line-up, but she was unable to identify for certain that her attacker had been Watts. Detectives discovered through highway cameras that Watts car was recorded as leaving Windsor for Detroit after each episode. Watts became Bunten’s leading suspect, and Bunten had a reputation for being a relentless investigator. Rebecca Huff's Book Is Found On November 15, 1980, an Ann Arbor woman contacted police after she became frightened when she discovered that she was being followed by a strange man. The women hid in a doorway, and the police were able to observe the man frantically searching for the woman. When the police pulled the man over in his car, they identified him as Coral Watts. Inside the car, they found screwdrivers and wood filing tools, but their most important discovery was a book that had Rebecca Huff’s name on it. Rebecca Huff had been murdered in September 1980. A Move to Houston In late January 1981, Watts was brought in on a warrant to give a blood sample. Bunten also interviewed Watts, but he could not charge him. The blood test also failed to link Watts to any crimes. By spring, Coral was sick of being hounded by Bunten and his task force and so made a move to Columbus Texas, where he found work at an oil company. Houston was 70 miles away. Watts began spending his weekends cruising the city streets. Houston Police Get a Heads Up, but Murders Continue Bunten forwarded Watts file to the Houston police, who located Watts at his new address, but they were unable to find any evidence linking him directly to any of the Houston crimes. On September 5, 1981, Lillian Tilley was attacked at her Arlington apartment and drowned. Later that same month, Elizabeth Montgomery, 25, died after being stabbed in the chest while out walking her dogs. Shortly afterward, Susan Wolf, 21, was attacked and murdered as she got out of her car to enter her home. Watts Is Finally Caught On May 23, 1982, Watts ambushed roommates Lori Lister and Melinda Aguilar at the apartment that the two women shared. He tied them up and then attempted to drown Lister in the bathtub. Aguilar was able to escape by jumping head first off of her balcony. Lister was saved by a neighbor and Watts was caught and arrested. The body of Michele Maday was found the same day, drowned in her bathtub in a nearby apartment. A Shocking Plea Deal Under interrogation, Watts refused to talk. Harris County Assistant District Attorney Ira Jones made a deal with Watts to get him to confess. Incredibly, Jones agreed to give Watts immunity to the charge of murder, if Watts would agree to confess to all of his murders. Jones was hoping to bring closure to the families of some of the 50 unsolved murders of women in the Houston area. Coral eventually admitted attacking 19 women, 13 of which he confessed to murdering. Admitting There Were 80 More Murders Eventually, Watts also admitted to 80 additional murders in Michigan and Canada but refused to give details because he did not have an immunity agreement for those murders. Coral pleaded guilty to one count of burglary with intent to kill. Judge Shaver decided that the bathtub and the water in the bathtub could be defined as deadly weapons, which would result in the parole board not being able to count Watts â€Å"good conduct time,† for determining his parole eligibility. Slippery Appeals On September 3, 1982, Watts was sentenced to 60 years in prison. In 1987, after a failed attempt to escape prison by slipping through the bars, Watts decided to begin appealing his sentence, but his appeal lacked the support of his attorney. Then in October 1987, unrelated to any of Watts appeals, the court decided that criminals must be told that a â€Å"deadly weapon† finding had occurred during their indictment and that failure to inform the criminal was a violation of the criminal’s rights. Watts Gets a Lucky Break In 1989, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals decided that, because Watts was not told that the bathtub and the water had been judged lethal weapons, he would not be required to serve his entire sentence. Watts was reclassified as a nonviolent felon which made him eligible for retroactive â€Å"good time earned† equaling three days for every one day served. Model prisoner and confessed murderer  Coral Eugene Watts would be  getting out of prison on May 9, 2006. Victims Say Hell No to Early Release Law As news spread about the possibility of Watts getting out of prison, there was a tremendous public outcry against the good time earned early release law, which eventually was abolished, but, because it was an applicable law during Watts trial, his early release could not be reversed. Lawrence Fossi, whose wife was murdered by Watts, fought the release with every possible legal maneuver he could find. Joe Tilley, whose young daughter Linda fought so hard to live, but lost her battle against Watts, as he held her under the water at the apartment complex swimming pool, summed up how most of the other families felt about Watts: Forgiveness cannot be bestowed when forgiveness is not sought. This is a confrontation with pure evil, with principalities and the powers of the air. Michigan's Attorney General Asks for Help When Mike Cox, who was Michigans Attorney General at the time, found out about the change in Watts sentence, he ran televised spots, asking the public to come forward if they had any information about the women that Watts was suspected of having killed. Texas had a plea arrangement with Watts, but Michigan did not. If they could prove Watts murdered any of the women who had turned up dead over the past few years in Michigan, Watts could be put away for life. Coxs efforts paid off. A Westland, Michigan resident named Joseph Foy came forward and said that Watts looked like the man whom he saw in December 1979 stabbing 36-year-old Helen Dutcher, who later died from her wounds. Watts Will Finally Pay for His Crimes Watts was shipped to Michigan  where he was  charged, tried and found guilty of murdering Helen Dutcher. On December 7, 2004, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. In late July 2007 Watts again faced a jury after being arrested for the 1974 murder of Gloria Steele. He was found guilty and received a life sentence without possibility of parole. Slipping Through the Bars One Last Time Watts was sent to Ionia, Michigan where he was housed at the Ionia Correctional Facility, also known as the I-Max because it is a maximum security prison.  But he did not stay there long. About two months into his sentence he managed to slide his way out from behind the prison bars yet again, but this time would be his last time as only a miracle would save him now. On September 21, 2007, Coral Eugene Watts was admitted to a hospital in Jackson, Michigan and shortly after died of prostate cancer. The case of the â€Å"Sunday Morning Slasher† was permanently closed.

THE REASON WHY TEENAGERS RUN AWAY Research Paper

THE REASON WHY TEENAGERS RUN AWAY - Research Paper Example Teenagers run away from their home due to many reasons and the consequences are usually very severe. There are basically five kinds of runaways, though there may be variations and overlapping within: situational, recidivist, street, chronic, and thrown away. Situational runaways constitute the largest group of youths who leave home. They usually are away for a day or two following a quarrel with parents before returning home. Chronic runaways constantly run from home and remain away for longer stretches of time, often progressing to street youth. Recidivists or repeat runaways leave home more than once, sometimes staying with friends, others living on streets or shelters. Studies show that recidivists’ runners are more likely than non-recidivists runawys to leave home due to problems involving family dynamics, substance abuse, transportation, and judicial systems among others. Street youth runaways leave home permanently and as the term suggests, tend to literally live on the streets and must fend for themselves. Some street kids also spend time staying in transitory housing such as shelters or abandoned building, and are most at risk for victimization. Thrown away leave homes as a result of dispute with parents or guardians, or are abandoned. Some thrown away youths also fall into other categories of runaways (Barri, 9). A big problem in the American household today is child abuse. Abuse comes in a variety of ways; physical, sexual, and mental. Children who experience abuse are more likely to run away from home than children who are not exposed to it. With any kind of abuse a child goes through it immediately starts to affect them psychologically. Children try to cope with the abuse at first; some are able to push it away while others wear the abuse on their face and it shows to everyone around them. Around the world an estimated forty million children suffer from

The US and Arab-Israeli Diplomacy - 2 exam questions (4 pages each) Essay

The US and Arab-Israeli Diplomacy - 2 exam questions (4 pages each) - Essay Example Ambassadors to the various Middle Eastern countries. The Special Envoy will travel from country to country in the Middle East to achieve the American Agenda in the region. The United States’ position on the Israeli-Arab relations has always been important. The U.S. has backed Israel since Israel became a state. Support for Israel allows the U.S. an ally in the Middle East that has a similar democracy. Saudi Arabia is an U.S. ally, but since Saudi Arabia is a monarch Israel is a more favorable choice. Still the U.S. must not anger the majority of Arab nations in the Middle East, especially since the heavy U.S. military presence in Iraq and Afghanistan. The balance between doing what is right morally by promoting a democratic society and securing a good relationship with oil producing countries is the delicate balance an American Special Envoy must master. In order to achieve the balance of American interests, the Special Envoy has to negotiate with both the Israelis and Arabs. The United States Envoy to Israel must have special qualifications. Without the right qualification an envoy could harm not only Israeli-Arab relations, but harm U.S.-Israel-Arab relations at best and at worst plunge the whole region into a war. Qualifications all U.S. Envoys need are: Any Special Envoy appointed to Israel must address the Palestinian issue. Since Israel withdrew from Gaza, the Palestinians have elected Hamas to be Gaza’s leaders. Since Hamas has been recognized as the United States as a terrorist group, all talks are through the Palestinian National Authority. If Hamas would make concessions, the United States would consider opening talks through the Special Envoy. The recommended plan since 2001’s Mitchell Report for both Israel and Palestinians have been threefold: 2. Rebuilding of confidence in the Palestinian Authority (now the Palestinian National Authority). This

Libya's Legitimacy Crisis Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Libya's Legitimacy Crisis - Literature review Example Finally, the article articulated how the can be resolved as it offer an alternative of power sharing as a way to end the legitimacy crisis and in effect, the conflict that is tearing the country apart. The paper presented the two opposing power which technically now operates as governments vying for Libya’s legitimacy. One is the Tobruk based backed by the rump of the elected parliament, the House of Representatives (HOR). The other is based in the capital of Tripoli and has taken a de facto control over ministries the General National Congress (GNC) led by Khalifa Hifter, a former general in the Libyan Army with the agenda of purging the elites of the old regime and promoted the former revolutionary forces as the core of a new army. The theoretical positions outlined in the reading outlined in the readings contribute to the ongoing development of Foreign Policy Analysis by outlining in a simple manner how the division of Libya begun, the forces underlying it and the backers that made the situation more complex. By clearly outlining how the division begun and how external influences and backers such as UAE and Egypt for GNC and Qatar, Sudan and Turkey for HOR, made the situation more complication that could fuel the conflict more, the proposed solution became more feasible and plausible and even necessary. That is, to have a policy of noninterference that would include non-channeling of funds and arms embargo to make both parties realize that negotiation and compromise is the only way to go with the end in mind of forming a government that is based on power sharing and not on favoring one faction over the other.   The arguments presented by Frederic Wehrey  and  Wolfram Lacher were also objective, impartial and sober that invites the reader to look at the problem from a conciliatory point of view and not from the persuasion of either party. Even the United States who are often

HTML and Javascript Tutorial

HTML and Javascript Tutorial HTML Basic Document Document name goes here Visible text goes here Heading Elements Largest Heading . . . . . . . . . . . . Smallest Heading Text Elements This is a paragraph (line break) (horizontal rule) This text is preformatted Logical Styles This text is emphasized This text is strong This is some computer code Physical Styles This text is bold This text is italic Links, Anchors, and Image Elements This is a Link Send e-mail A named anchor: Useful Tips Section Jump to the Useful Tips Section Unordered list First item Next item Ordered list First item Next item Definition list First term Definition Next term Definition Tables someheader someheader sometext sometext Frames Forms Apples Bananas Cherries Entities < is the same as > is the same as > is the same as  © Other Elements Text quoted from some source. Address 1 Address 2 City Commonly Used Character Entities Note Entity names are case sensitive! The Meta Element As we explained in the previous chapter, the head element contains general information (meta-information) about a document. HTML also includes a meta element that goes inside the head element. The purpose of the meta element is to provide meta-information about the document. Most often the meta element is used to provide information that is relevant to browsers or search engines like describing the content of your document. Keywords for Search Engines Some search engines on the WWW will use the name and content attributes of the meta tag to index your pages. The intention of the name and content attributes is to describe the content of a page. However, since too many webmasters have used meta tags for spamming, like repeating keywords to give pages a higher ranking, some search engines have stopped using them entirely. Uniform Resource Locators Something called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other data) on the World Wide Web. A full Web address like this: http://www.w3schools.com/html/lastpage.htm follows these syntax rules: scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename The scheme is defining the type of Internet service. The most common type is http. The domain is defining the Internet domain name like w3schools.com. The host is defining the domain host. If omitted, the default host for http is www. The :port is defining the port number at the host. The port number is normally omitted. The default port number for http is 80. The path is defining a path (a sub directory) at the server. If the path is omitted, the resource (the document) must be located at the root directory of the Web site. The filename is defining the name of a document. The default filename might be default.asp, or index.html or something else depending on the settings of the Web server. URL Schemes Some examples of the most common schemes can be found below: Accessing a Newsgroup The following HTML code: HTML Newsgroup creates a link to a newsgroup like this HTML Newsgroup Downloading with FTP The following HTML code: Download WinZip creates a link to download a file like this: Download WinZip. (The link doesnt work. Dont try it. It is just an example. W3Schools doesnt really have an ftp directory.) Link to your Mail system The following HTML code: [emailprotected] creates a link to your own mail system like this: Insert a Script into HTML Page A script in HTML is defined with the tag. Note that you will have to use the type attribute to specify the scripting language. How to Handle Older Browsers A browser that does not recognize the tag at all, will display the tag's content as text on the page. To prevent the browser from doing this, you should hide the script in comment tags. An old browser (that does not recognize the tag) will ignore the comment and it will not write the tag's content on the page, while a new browser will understand that the script should be executed, even if it is surrounded by comment tags. Example New to HTML 4.0 is the ability to let HTML events trigger actions in the browser, like starting a JavaScript when a user clicks on an HTML element. Below is a list of attributes that can be inserted into HTML tags to define event actions. Window Events Only valid in body and frameset elements. Only valid in form elements. Keyboard Events Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, and title elements. Mouse Events Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, title elements. Your Windows PC as a Web Server If you want other people to view your pages, you must publish them. To publish your work, you must save your pages on a web server. Your own PC can act as a web server if you install IIS or PWS. IIS or PWS turns your computer into a web server. Microsoft IIS and PWS are free web server components. IIS - Internet Information Server IIS is for Windows system like Windows 2000, XP, and Vista. It is also available for Windows NT. IIS is easy to install and ideal for developing and testing web applications. IIS includes Active Server Pages (ASP), a server-side scripting standard that can be used to create dynamic and interactive web applications. PWS - Personal Web Server PWS is for older Windows system like Windows 95, 98, and NT. PWS is easy to install and can be used for developing and testing web applications including ASP. We don't recommend running PWS for anything else than training. It is outdated and have security issues. Windows Web Server Versions Windows Vista Professional comes with IIS 6. Windows Vista Home Edition does not support PWS or IIS. Windows XP Professional comes with IIS 5. Windows XP Home Edition does not support IIS or PWS. Windows 2000 Professional comes with IIS 4. Windows NT Professional comes with IIS 3 and also supports IIS 4. Windows NT Workstation supports PWS and IIS 3. Windows ME does not support PWS or IIS. Windows 98 comes with PWS. Windows 95 supports PWS. HTML Summary This tutorial has taught you how to use HTML to create your own web site. HTML is the universal markup language for the Web. HTML lets you format text, add graphics, create links, input forms, frames and tables, etc., and save it all in a text file that any browser can read and display. The key to HTML is the tags, which indicates what content is coming up. XHTML XHTML reformulates HTML 4.01 in XML. CSS CSS is used to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once. With CSS, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document and stored in a separate file. CSS gives you total control of the layout, without messing up the document content. JavaScript Tutorial What is JavaScript? JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages JavaScript is a scripting language A scripting language is a lightweight programming language JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without preliminary compilation) Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license What can a JavaScript Do? JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML authors are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone can put small "snippets" of code into their HTML pages JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A JavaScript statement like this: document.write(" " + name + " ") can write a variable text into an HTML page JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens, like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can read and change the content of an HTML element JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used to validate form data before it is submitted to a server. This saves the server from extra processing JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser, and - depending on the browser - load another page specifically designed for that browser JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be used to store and retrieve information on the visitor's computer How to Put a JavaScript Into an HTML Page Where to Put the JavaScript JavaScripts in a page will be executed immediately while the page loads into the browser. This is not always what we want. Sometimes we want to execute a script when a page loads, other times when a user triggers an event. Scripts in the head section: Scripts to be executed when they are called, or when an event is triggered, go in the head section. When you place a script in the head section, you will ensure that the script is loaded before anyone uses it. Scripts in the body section: Scripts to be executed when the page loads go in the body section. When you place a script in the body section it generates the content of the page. Scripts in both the body and the head section: You can place an unlimited number of scripts in your document, so you can have scripts in both the body and the head section. Using an External JavaScript Sometimes you might want to run the same JavaScript on several pages, without having to write the same script on every page. To simplify this, you can write a JavaScript in an external file. Save the external JavaScript file with a .js file extension. Note: The external script cannot contain the tag! To use the external script, point to the .js file in the "src" attribute of the tag: JavaScript is Case Sensitive Unlike HTML, JavaScript is case sensitive - therefore watch your capitalization closely when you write JavaScript statements, create or call variables, objects and functions. JavaScript Statements A JavaScript statement is a command to the browser. The purpose of the command is to tell the browser what to do. This JavaScript statement tells the browser to write "Hello Dolly" to the web page: It is normal to add a semicolon at the end of each executable statement. Most people think this is a good programming practice, and most often you will see this in JavaScript examples on the web. The semicolon is optional (according to the JavaScript standard), and the browser is supposed to interpret the end of the line as the end of the statement. Because of this you will often see examples without the semicolon at the end. Note: Using semicolons makes it possible to write multiple statements on one line. JavaScript Code JavaScript code (or just JavaScript) is a sequence of JavaScript statements. Each statement is executed by the browser in the sequence they are written. This example will write a header and two paragraphs to a web page: JavaScript Blocks JavaScript statements can be grouped together in blocks. Blocks start with a left curly bracket {, and ends with a right curly bracket }. The purpose of a block is to make the sequence of statements execute together. This example will write a header and two paragraphs to a web page: JavaScript comments can be used to make the code more readable. JavaScript Comments Comments can be added to explain the JavaScript, or to make it more readable. Single line comments start with //. This example uses single line comments to explain the code: Using Comments to Prevent Execution In this example the comment is used to prevent the execution of a single code line: In this example the comments is used to prevent the execution of multiple code lines: Using Comments at the End of a Line In this example the comment is placed at the end of a line: Variables are "containers" for storing information. Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as "declaring" variables. You can declare JavaScript variables with the var statement: After the declaration shown above, the variables are empty (they have no values yet). However, you can also assign values to the variables when you declare them: After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will hold the value 5, and carname will hold the value Volvo. Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, use quotes around the value. Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables If you assign values to variables that have not yet been declared, the variables will automatically be declared. These statements: have the same effect as: Redeclaring JavaScript Variables If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its original value. After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will still have the value of 5. The value of x is not reset (or cleared) when you redeclare it. Conditional Statements Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do this. In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements: if statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified condition is true if...else statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code if the condition is true and another code if the condition is false if...else if....else statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed switch statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed script type="text/javascript"> //If the time is less than 10, //you will get a "Good morning" greeting. //Otherwise you will get a "Good day" greeting. var d = new Date(); var time = d.getHours(); if (time { document.write("Good morning!"); } else { document.write("Good day!"); } The JavaScript Switch Statement You should use the switch statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed. Syntax //You will receive a different greeting based //on what day it is. Note that Sunday=0, //Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc. var d=new Date(); theDay=d.getDay(); switch (theDay) { case 5: document.write("Finally Friday"); break; case 6: document.write("Super Saturday"); break; case 0: document.write("Sleepy Sunday"); break; default: document.write("I'm looking forward to this weekend!"); } JavaScript Popup Boxes Alert Box An alert box is often used if you want to make sure information comes through to the user. When an alert box pops up, the user will have to click "OK" to proceed. Syntax: Confirm Box A confirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept something. When a confirm box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed. If the user clicks "OK", the box returns true. If the user clicks "Cancel", the box returns false. Syntax: Prompt Box A prompt box is often used if you want the user to input a value before entering a page. When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed after entering an input value. If the user clicks "OK" the box returns the input value. If the user clicks "Cancel" the box returns null. Syntax: JavaScript Functions JavaScript Functions To keep the browser from executing a script when the page loads, you can put your script into a function. A function contains code that will be executed by an event or by a call to that function. You may call a function from anywhere within the page (or even from other pages if the function is embedded in an external .js file). Functions can be defined both in the and in the section of a document. However, to assure that the function is read/loaded by the browser before it is called, it could be wise to put it in the section. How to Define a Function The syntax for creating a function is: