The US and Arab-Israeli Diplomacy - 2 exam questions (4 pages each) Essay

The US and Arab-Israeli Diplomacy - 2 exam questions (4 pages each) - Essay Example Ambassadors to the various Middle Eastern countries. The Special Envoy will travel from country to country in the Middle East to achieve the American Agenda in the region. The United States’ position on the Israeli-Arab relations has always been important. The U.S. has backed Israel since Israel became a state. Support for Israel allows the U.S. an ally in the Middle East that has a similar democracy. Saudi Arabia is an U.S. ally, but since Saudi Arabia is a monarch Israel is a more favorable choice. Still the U.S. must not anger the majority of Arab nations in the Middle East, especially since the heavy U.S. military presence in Iraq and Afghanistan. The balance between doing what is right morally by promoting a democratic society and securing a good relationship with oil producing countries is the delicate balance an American Special Envoy must master. In order to achieve the balance of American interests, the Special Envoy has to negotiate with both the Israelis and Arabs. The United States Envoy to Israel must have special qualifications. Without the right qualification an envoy could harm not only Israeli-Arab relations, but harm U.S.-Israel-Arab relations at best and at worst plunge the whole region into a war. Qualifications all U.S. Envoys need are: Any Special Envoy appointed to Israel must address the Palestinian issue. Since Israel withdrew from Gaza, the Palestinians have elected Hamas to be Gaza’s leaders. Since Hamas has been recognized as the United States as a terrorist group, all talks are through the Palestinian National Authority. If Hamas would make concessions, the United States would consider opening talks through the Special Envoy. The recommended plan since 2001’s Mitchell Report for both Israel and Palestinians have been threefold: 2. Rebuilding of confidence in the Palestinian Authority (now the Palestinian National Authority). This

Libya's Legitimacy Crisis Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Libya's Legitimacy Crisis - Literature review Example Finally, the article articulated how the can be resolved as it offer an alternative of power sharing as a way to end the legitimacy crisis and in effect, the conflict that is tearing the country apart. The paper presented the two opposing power which technically now operates as governments vying for Libya’s legitimacy. One is the Tobruk based backed by the rump of the elected parliament, the House of Representatives (HOR). The other is based in the capital of Tripoli and has taken a de facto control over ministries the General National Congress (GNC) led by Khalifa Hifter, a former general in the Libyan Army with the agenda of purging the elites of the old regime and promoted the former revolutionary forces as the core of a new army. The theoretical positions outlined in the reading outlined in the readings contribute to the ongoing development of Foreign Policy Analysis by outlining in a simple manner how the division of Libya begun, the forces underlying it and the backers that made the situation more complex. By clearly outlining how the division begun and how external influences and backers such as UAE and Egypt for GNC and Qatar, Sudan and Turkey for HOR, made the situation more complication that could fuel the conflict more, the proposed solution became more feasible and plausible and even necessary. That is, to have a policy of noninterference that would include non-channeling of funds and arms embargo to make both parties realize that negotiation and compromise is the only way to go with the end in mind of forming a government that is based on power sharing and not on favoring one faction over the other.   The arguments presented by Frederic Wehrey  and  Wolfram Lacher were also objective, impartial and sober that invites the reader to look at the problem from a conciliatory point of view and not from the persuasion of either party. Even the United States who are often

HTML and Javascript Tutorial

HTML and Javascript Tutorial HTML Basic Document Document name goes here Visible text goes here Heading Elements Largest Heading . . . . . . . . . . . . Smallest Heading Text Elements This is a paragraph (line break) (horizontal rule) This text is preformatted Logical Styles This text is emphasized This text is strong This is some computer code Physical Styles This text is bold This text is italic Links, Anchors, and Image Elements This is a Link Send e-mail A named anchor: Useful Tips Section Jump to the Useful Tips Section Unordered list First item Next item Ordered list First item Next item Definition list First term Definition Next term Definition Tables someheader someheader sometext sometext Frames Forms Apples Bananas Cherries Entities < is the same as > is the same as > is the same as  © Other Elements Text quoted from some source. Address 1 Address 2 City Commonly Used Character Entities Note Entity names are case sensitive! The Meta Element As we explained in the previous chapter, the head element contains general information (meta-information) about a document. HTML also includes a meta element that goes inside the head element. The purpose of the meta element is to provide meta-information about the document. Most often the meta element is used to provide information that is relevant to browsers or search engines like describing the content of your document. Keywords for Search Engines Some search engines on the WWW will use the name and content attributes of the meta tag to index your pages. The intention of the name and content attributes is to describe the content of a page. However, since too many webmasters have used meta tags for spamming, like repeating keywords to give pages a higher ranking, some search engines have stopped using them entirely. Uniform Resource Locators Something called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other data) on the World Wide Web. A full Web address like this: http://www.w3schools.com/html/lastpage.htm follows these syntax rules: scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename The scheme is defining the type of Internet service. The most common type is http. The domain is defining the Internet domain name like w3schools.com. The host is defining the domain host. If omitted, the default host for http is www. The :port is defining the port number at the host. The port number is normally omitted. The default port number for http is 80. The path is defining a path (a sub directory) at the server. If the path is omitted, the resource (the document) must be located at the root directory of the Web site. The filename is defining the name of a document. The default filename might be default.asp, or index.html or something else depending on the settings of the Web server. URL Schemes Some examples of the most common schemes can be found below: Accessing a Newsgroup The following HTML code: HTML Newsgroup creates a link to a newsgroup like this HTML Newsgroup Downloading with FTP The following HTML code: Download WinZip creates a link to download a file like this: Download WinZip. (The link doesnt work. Dont try it. It is just an example. W3Schools doesnt really have an ftp directory.) Link to your Mail system The following HTML code: [emailprotected] creates a link to your own mail system like this: Insert a Script into HTML Page A script in HTML is defined with the tag. Note that you will have to use the type attribute to specify the scripting language. How to Handle Older Browsers A browser that does not recognize the tag at all, will display the tag's content as text on the page. To prevent the browser from doing this, you should hide the script in comment tags. An old browser (that does not recognize the tag) will ignore the comment and it will not write the tag's content on the page, while a new browser will understand that the script should be executed, even if it is surrounded by comment tags. Example New to HTML 4.0 is the ability to let HTML events trigger actions in the browser, like starting a JavaScript when a user clicks on an HTML element. Below is a list of attributes that can be inserted into HTML tags to define event actions. Window Events Only valid in body and frameset elements. Only valid in form elements. Keyboard Events Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, and title elements. Mouse Events Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, title elements. Your Windows PC as a Web Server If you want other people to view your pages, you must publish them. To publish your work, you must save your pages on a web server. Your own PC can act as a web server if you install IIS or PWS. IIS or PWS turns your computer into a web server. Microsoft IIS and PWS are free web server components. IIS - Internet Information Server IIS is for Windows system like Windows 2000, XP, and Vista. It is also available for Windows NT. IIS is easy to install and ideal for developing and testing web applications. IIS includes Active Server Pages (ASP), a server-side scripting standard that can be used to create dynamic and interactive web applications. PWS - Personal Web Server PWS is for older Windows system like Windows 95, 98, and NT. PWS is easy to install and can be used for developing and testing web applications including ASP. We don't recommend running PWS for anything else than training. It is outdated and have security issues. Windows Web Server Versions Windows Vista Professional comes with IIS 6. Windows Vista Home Edition does not support PWS or IIS. Windows XP Professional comes with IIS 5. Windows XP Home Edition does not support IIS or PWS. Windows 2000 Professional comes with IIS 4. Windows NT Professional comes with IIS 3 and also supports IIS 4. Windows NT Workstation supports PWS and IIS 3. Windows ME does not support PWS or IIS. Windows 98 comes with PWS. Windows 95 supports PWS. HTML Summary This tutorial has taught you how to use HTML to create your own web site. HTML is the universal markup language for the Web. HTML lets you format text, add graphics, create links, input forms, frames and tables, etc., and save it all in a text file that any browser can read and display. The key to HTML is the tags, which indicates what content is coming up. XHTML XHTML reformulates HTML 4.01 in XML. CSS CSS is used to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once. With CSS, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document and stored in a separate file. CSS gives you total control of the layout, without messing up the document content. JavaScript Tutorial What is JavaScript? JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages JavaScript is a scripting language A scripting language is a lightweight programming language JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without preliminary compilation) Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license What can a JavaScript Do? JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML authors are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone can put small "snippets" of code into their HTML pages JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A JavaScript statement like this: document.write(" " + name + " ") can write a variable text into an HTML page JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens, like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can read and change the content of an HTML element JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used to validate form data before it is submitted to a server. This saves the server from extra processing JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser, and - depending on the browser - load another page specifically designed for that browser JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be used to store and retrieve information on the visitor's computer How to Put a JavaScript Into an HTML Page Where to Put the JavaScript JavaScripts in a page will be executed immediately while the page loads into the browser. This is not always what we want. Sometimes we want to execute a script when a page loads, other times when a user triggers an event. Scripts in the head section: Scripts to be executed when they are called, or when an event is triggered, go in the head section. When you place a script in the head section, you will ensure that the script is loaded before anyone uses it. Scripts in the body section: Scripts to be executed when the page loads go in the body section. When you place a script in the body section it generates the content of the page. Scripts in both the body and the head section: You can place an unlimited number of scripts in your document, so you can have scripts in both the body and the head section. Using an External JavaScript Sometimes you might want to run the same JavaScript on several pages, without having to write the same script on every page. To simplify this, you can write a JavaScript in an external file. Save the external JavaScript file with a .js file extension. Note: The external script cannot contain the tag! To use the external script, point to the .js file in the "src" attribute of the tag: JavaScript is Case Sensitive Unlike HTML, JavaScript is case sensitive - therefore watch your capitalization closely when you write JavaScript statements, create or call variables, objects and functions. JavaScript Statements A JavaScript statement is a command to the browser. The purpose of the command is to tell the browser what to do. This JavaScript statement tells the browser to write "Hello Dolly" to the web page: It is normal to add a semicolon at the end of each executable statement. Most people think this is a good programming practice, and most often you will see this in JavaScript examples on the web. The semicolon is optional (according to the JavaScript standard), and the browser is supposed to interpret the end of the line as the end of the statement. Because of this you will often see examples without the semicolon at the end. Note: Using semicolons makes it possible to write multiple statements on one line. JavaScript Code JavaScript code (or just JavaScript) is a sequence of JavaScript statements. Each statement is executed by the browser in the sequence they are written. This example will write a header and two paragraphs to a web page: JavaScript Blocks JavaScript statements can be grouped together in blocks. Blocks start with a left curly bracket {, and ends with a right curly bracket }. The purpose of a block is to make the sequence of statements execute together. This example will write a header and two paragraphs to a web page: JavaScript comments can be used to make the code more readable. JavaScript Comments Comments can be added to explain the JavaScript, or to make it more readable. Single line comments start with //. This example uses single line comments to explain the code: Using Comments to Prevent Execution In this example the comment is used to prevent the execution of a single code line: In this example the comments is used to prevent the execution of multiple code lines: Using Comments at the End of a Line In this example the comment is placed at the end of a line: Variables are "containers" for storing information. Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as "declaring" variables. You can declare JavaScript variables with the var statement: After the declaration shown above, the variables are empty (they have no values yet). However, you can also assign values to the variables when you declare them: After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will hold the value 5, and carname will hold the value Volvo. Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, use quotes around the value. Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables If you assign values to variables that have not yet been declared, the variables will automatically be declared. These statements: have the same effect as: Redeclaring JavaScript Variables If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its original value. After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will still have the value of 5. The value of x is not reset (or cleared) when you redeclare it. Conditional Statements Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do this. In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements: if statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified condition is true if...else statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code if the condition is true and another code if the condition is false if...else if....else statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed switch statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed script type="text/javascript"> //If the time is less than 10, //you will get a "Good morning" greeting. //Otherwise you will get a "Good day" greeting. var d = new Date(); var time = d.getHours(); if (time { document.write("Good morning!"); } else { document.write("Good day!"); } The JavaScript Switch Statement You should use the switch statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed. Syntax //You will receive a different greeting based //on what day it is. Note that Sunday=0, //Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc. var d=new Date(); theDay=d.getDay(); switch (theDay) { case 5: document.write("Finally Friday"); break; case 6: document.write("Super Saturday"); break; case 0: document.write("Sleepy Sunday"); break; default: document.write("I'm looking forward to this weekend!"); } JavaScript Popup Boxes Alert Box An alert box is often used if you want to make sure information comes through to the user. When an alert box pops up, the user will have to click "OK" to proceed. Syntax: Confirm Box A confirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept something. When a confirm box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed. If the user clicks "OK", the box returns true. If the user clicks "Cancel", the box returns false. Syntax: Prompt Box A prompt box is often used if you want the user to input a value before entering a page. When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed after entering an input value. If the user clicks "OK" the box returns the input value. If the user clicks "Cancel" the box returns null. Syntax: JavaScript Functions JavaScript Functions To keep the browser from executing a script when the page loads, you can put your script into a function. A function contains code that will be executed by an event or by a call to that function. You may call a function from anywhere within the page (or even from other pages if the function is embedded in an external .js file). Functions can be defined both in the and in the section of a document. However, to assure that the function is read/loaded by the browser before it is called, it could be wise to put it in the section. How to Define a Function The syntax for creating a function is:

Lord Hastings: A Justification To Omit Regret :: essays research papers fc

Lord Hastings: A Justification to Omit Regret We, the audience, lend our ears and nod our heads at the exactness of Lord Hastings's uttering: I think there's never a man in Christendom, Can lesser hide his love or hate than he, For by his face shall you know his heart. (3.4.51-53). Ironically, we do not assent to his words because they are exactly in the right, but because they are exactly in the wrong. By Act III, Richard III exhibits a pallet of personalities including the devoted brother, the witty wooer, and the loyal subject. We see that these almost Platonic ideals are tarnished black under the rule of Richard's perfectly evil intent to manipulate. Lord Hastings, however, could not see until it was too late. The time to weigh the validity of the supernatural signs and omens in Stanley’s dream had past. Before his death, Lord Hastings misperceives the "subtle, false, and treacherous" Richard, and only saw the face (i.e. the theatrical abilities of Richard), not the heart (1.1.37). Why, then, do we nod at wrongness? The answer lies in the fact that we are plummeted into absolute awe. We have reached a catharsis of our emotions in response to the summit of Richard’s manipulative character, where Lord Hastings had actually believed tha t Richard was a man incapable of manipulating. Our response is a sign of assent because Lord Hastings is completely justified for trusting Richard and ignoring Stanley’s forebodings entirely. If Lord Hastings had the chance to relive his death scene, he would have two choices: to reiterate his regret for not listening to Stanley, or take a different course, and omit his regret. The study of this paper involves what types of justification Lord Hastings could offer if he had the opportunity to omit regret. His justification would necessarily contain an assessment of Richard’s compelling theatrical abilities. In other words, Lord Hastings would have to prove that Richard was too good of an actor for anyone to realize his acting. Lord Hastings now carries the burden of proof on his shoulders. Lord Hastings would probably refer to the ideal representation of brotherly love Richard shows to Clarence. â€Å"We are not safe Clarence, we are not safe,† Richard says, probably placing his hand on his brother’s shoulder while stressing â€Å"we†(1.1.70). In those words, Clarence felt warmth, despite the cold chains draping from his wrists; felt security, despite his insecurities about the reason as to why he was placed under arrest.

Modern Technology Effects Essay

With advances in technology, student study habits have dramatically changed. It’s affected the way classes are taught, students learn theories and the way information is presented. Gone are the days of slaving over books in the library and scribbling down notes on paper. Technology is changing the way kids learn in schools and at home. Students are now able to bring their work with them wherever they go because of laptop computers and handheld tablets, like the iPad. Having these electronic tools seems essential to all of us, including kids, nowadays and we wonder how we ever survived without them. Not too long ago, students were lucky to have one computer in their classrooms and the teacher wrote the lessons on a chalkboard. Now it is much more common to see each student with their own laptop or iPad and the teachers writing on smart-whiteboards that connect to these computers. With the way the world is becoming dependent on the use of technology in day-to-day life, it is good for the younger generation to learn a basic understanding of these tools, even though the software systems will most likely change by the time they enter the work force. Students are also able to do more complex tasks earlier on because of the capabilities of technology. However, this does present the problem of becoming dependent on these devices to solve these challenges, especially those above their learning level. Don’t you remember having to learn how to do math in your head before you were given a calculator to solve an equation? If students don’t learn how to problem-solve on their own, it may present challenges for them down the road because they expect to have the answer right at their fingertips. Recently psychologists at Columbia University released an article on the effect search engines and the Internet are having on our ability to memorize. which concluded that we are less likely to remember discrete information than we are where we found it, and that we only commit something to memory if we think we won’t be able to access it later, when we need it. While students are becoming more digitally advanced than the prior generation, it is good to learn the basics as well. Having a child read a book, write out a math problem, or do research in a library may not appeal to them as much as â€Å"playing† on an iPad, but it can only add to their education. Scope and Limitations Modern technology has always been considered as a gauge for an awareness of how developed a society is. With the influx of technological gadgets, modern technology is definitely beneficial to mankind. But, as with other scientific and technological discoveries, these gadgets have also taken its toll on those who are the main users of thee discoveries – the students. Twenty or so years ago, students would have to spend hours, and even days in the library, if they are to complete a research work. Answering assignments means that one will have to read chapter after chapter in their textbooks. Nowadays, vital information may be obtained by merely a click of the mouse. Everything is readily available at their fingertips, so to speak. Oftentimes, students say, â€Å"Thank God for the internet†. While this may be true, there are also harmful effects on students which may fall under the physical, psychological, emotional, mental and social aspect. Basically, students make use of the internet in answering assignments and doing research work. However, students would often be making use of social networking sites while simultaneously doing their assigned tasks. This means that the student is not a hundred percent focused on accomplishing what is required. It also takes them a longer time in completing the assigned task. As a result, the student therefore, is more physically exhausted, often spending the wee hours in the morning due to the fact that he or she is actually multi-tasking. It has been observed that almost every week, more updated gadgets are being introduced in the market. For the adolescent, who is in the third plane of development, there is this need to belong to a certain group. More often than not, social cliques mean dressing alike, thinking alike, and even having similar gadgets are some of the basis in order to be part of a specific group. Hence, the adolescent is psychologically, emotionally and even mentally affected if and when an updated version of these gadgets is out in the market. There is this need to have these gadgets in the hope of being â€Å"in† with the group. It is one way of satisfying the need to belong to a social group which means that it also affects the social aspect of the student. Having seen both sides of the coin, are modern gadgets beneficial or harmful to students? I would say both – there are beneficial and harmful effects not only to students but to anyone for that matter. The key is still in our hands. Remember that anything in excess could have negative results. Modern technology – including modern gadgets – has been invented for mankind’s convenience. Let us show gratitude to the men of the past who have painstakingly invented and devised ways to make life easier. Let us make use of modern technology effectively, wisely and responsibly.

Zoology Chordata Vertebrates

Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataClass: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)Subclass: Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays)Order: OrectolobiformesFamily: RhincodontidaeGenus: RhincodonSpecies: Rhincodon typus| Integumentary system Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) has the toughest and thickest skin of all the animals in the world. It reaches up to 14 cm of thick; whale shark is pale on the underside and dark gray-brown color with white spots on the top. This can serve as a camouflage looking up or down the sea for shark’s preys (SRI, 2008).As all the other Chondrichtyes, Whale Shark skin is covered with little cartilaginous tooth-like structures, this are dermal placoid scales arranged to reduce the turbulence of water flowing along the body surface during swimming (Hickman, 2006). Whale shark maintains internal salt concentrations lower than seawater by pumping salt out through rectal glands and kidneys. Sharks retain urea dissolved in their body fluids. They also produce Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) use to protect their proteins from denaturation by urea waste products.Retention of this organic solutes in their body fluids makes their osmolality slightly hypertonic to sea water (Hickman, 2008) Whale Sharks are ectothermic; this means that their body temperature is similar to the surroundings. They may regulate their body temperature by behavioral mechanism such as spending time in warmer surface water (Thumbs, 2012). Musculo-Skeletal System As mentioned, Whale Shark is an elasmobranch; the skeleton of this animal is made out of cartilage instead of bone. This along with the big liver filled with oil helps the shark to float easier an spend less energy on its movement (SRI, 2008).They also posses an pelvic fins supported by appendicular skeletons, dorsal fins, a medial caudal fin and a median anal fin. The heterocercal tail in sharks shows that the upturned tail axis tends to produce a thrust directed downwards be hind the center of balance of the fish and thus gives a moment turning the head upwards. This is countered in two ways—by the rotation of the tail along its longitudinal axis during each lateral beat, and through the action of the ventral hypochordal lobe.The shape of the tail and the mode of action of the tail in all sharks so far considered reflects a balance between these three factors, in all of them the net effect being the production of a forward thrust from the tail that passes directly through the center of balance of the fish (Stewart, Keith and Simanek, Dan, 2012). Respiration System Whale Shark possesses 5 pair of gill slits located on the side of their heads (SRI, 2008). Water must continually flow across the gill slits in order for the shark to breath; They do not have gill covers like bony fishes do, so whale shark need to continually swim for constant flow.When water passes over the gill, a system of very fine blood vessels takes up the oxygen from the water. D igestive System Whale Shark is a filter feeder. As it swims with its mouth open, masses of water filled with prey enter to its mouth consisted of 5 large gill arches. After closing its mouth, shark uses specialized organs called gill rakers to filter the nourishment from the water. Basically anything that does not pass trough the gills is eaten. (SRI, 2008). Preys may include plankton, krill, small fish and even squid. This shark can process over 6000 liters of water each our.Urinary System Urea and trimethylamine (TMAO) in their blood and tissues help to maintain their osmotic balance. They are without the usual urinary tract, so they concentrate urea in their blood and excrete it through their skin (Hickman, 2006). Reproductive System According to the Shark research institute, Reproduction behavior is uncertain. In their article â€Å"Whale Shark FAQ† they state; â€Å"Only one pregnant female shark has ever been exanimated by scientist Dr. Jennifer V. Schmidt, Director of SRI genetics Program† (12). The only pregnant female caught ontained in her tween uterus 307 embryo’s measuring between 42 and 63 cm in length, 15 where fully- developed and ready to born. Having this information whale sharks where found to fall into the classification of ovoviviparous. This information also suggests that Whale Sharks could be one of the most productive live bearing shark species. But it remains unknown why their population is small. Sexual maturity in whale sharks may occur until they reach about 9 meters long which is about 30 years old. Whale sharks live for about 70 to 800 years. (SRI, 2009) Bullfrog (Rana castabeiana) Kingdom: AnimalPhylum: Chordate Class: Amphibians Order: Salientia Family: Ranidae Genus: Rana Species: Rana catesbeiana (Bullfrog) Integumentary system Frog skin is thin and loosely attached to some of the muscles in the body. It is composed the skin is known to be permeable, which means that let the water pass in and out through th e skin membrane. Bullfrog’s skin is periodically shed as other frogs and toads do. The epidermis of the Bullfrog contains two types of glands: mucous glands, which help to protect the frog from dehydration and a large serous of glands that produce watery, poison material (Hickman, 2006).Musculo-skeletal system As many other amphibians bullfrogs live mainly in fresh water, but they can also migrate to other pounds lakes or reservoirs specially when is rainy or hummed. Bullfrogs have a well-developed endoskeleton made out principle of bone and some cartilage; this provides support for muscular movements (Hickman 2006). Bullfrog tent to develop strong and big muscles used for locomotion outside or inside the water. Bullfrogs as most of the other frogs and toads, are faced with an unusual locomotory challenge. They have to swim and jump using primary the hind limbs.The foot possess five rays and hand posses fore rays. Hind limbs and fore limbs posses a web-like structure to help frog locomotion also in water (Nauwalaerts, Sandra et al, 2007). Respiratory system Bullfrogs as many other amphibians use three respiratory surfaces for gas exchange: skin, mouth, and lungs. In bullfrogs lungs are present in adults (Hickman, 2006). On land Bullfrogs breath with their mouths closed. Bullfrogs present a positive lung pressure for breathing (Heckman, 2007). Their throat movements pull air through the nostrils to the lungs. Then breathe out with body contractions.Bullfrogs can also respire under the water through the skin using a process called cutaneous gas exchange. They use their skin for oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange (Stinner N, Jerry, and Shoemaker, H. Vaughan, 1987) Digestive system Bullfrogs are voracious eaters, and will eat just about any animal they can swallow. These include: insects, crayfish, worms, minnows, other frogs (even Bullfrogs), small turtles, snakes, baby birds, and small mammals. They are most active at night. The frog digestive system, like mo st other digestive systems, starts in the mouth.Prey, which is sometimes caught by the frog’s sticky tongue, is diced by tooth-like structures in the mouth. The food then moves down through the esophagus, into the stomach, where, much like in the shark, the food is softened, broken down somewhat, and stored. From the stomach, food moves into the small intestine, where the most of the chemical digestion (i. e. the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, the liver secretes bile, etc. ) and nutrient absorption take place. One special attribute of the frog small intestine is that it has villi, small projections that greatly ncrease the surface area of the small intestine, allowing more nutrient absorption. Urinary system The urinary system of Bullfrogs as most of the frogs is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. The kidney excretes and re-absorbs electrolytes (e. g. sodium, potassium and calcium) under the influence of local and systemic hormones. pH balance is regulated by the excretion of bound acids and ammonium ions. Reproductive system Bullfrog’s are known to be oviparous and breeding occurs in permanent bodies of water that typically contain thick grows of algae and rooted aquatic plants.Breeding pools usually are rich in aquatic animal life and have a soft mud bottom (Hammerson, Geoffrey A, 1999). They initiate amplexus by making physical contact with an adult male. Amplexus and oviposition generally last from 15 min to 2. 5 hours and occur about midnight. Bullfrogs have found to mate and lay eggs in areas outside the sites defended by calling males. (Hammerson, Geoffrey A, 1999). Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines (turtles and tortoises)? Family: Cheloniidae (true sea turtles)? Genus: Chelonia?Species: Chelonia mydas Integumentary System Green sea turtles, as all the turtle’s species have evolved a bony outer shell, which prot ects them from predators. This shell covers both dorsal and ventral surfaces and it is consider the most highly developed protective armor of any vertebrate species to have ever lived. (Green Sea Turtles, 2001). The dorsal portion of the shell is known as carapace and it is covered with a large scale-like structures called scutes. The ventral portion of the shell is known as the plastron. This two structures are connected by hard shelled plates called lateral bridges.A difference of land turtles and tortoises, sea turtles are not able to retract their heads into their shells, and they heads remain out at all times (Green sea turtles, 2001) Green Sea turtles are ectothermic animals, which means that they regulate their internal temperature from their environment, this also explains why this turtles live in warm temperatures. Chelonia mydas maintain homeostasis using a specialized gland called salt gland; it helps them controlling their internal environment and it is located just behi nd each eye. Using this gland they excrete the excess of salt levels in blood in forms of â€Å"tears†. â€Å"Green Sea Turtles,† 2001). Musculo-skeletal system The skeleton is composed of bones and cartilages. Typically, it is divided into 3 main parts: the skull, axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton in sea turtles, each of these bony groups is a composite of several structures. The skull includes the braincase, jaws, and hyoid apparatus the axial skeleton is composed of the carapace, vertebrae, and ribs and the derivatives of the ribs. The plastron is a composite including derivatives of the axial and appendicular skeleton (ventral ribs plus shoulder elements).The appendicular skeleton includes the flippers, hind limbs, and their supporting structures (the pectoral and pelvic girdles). (Wyneken, 2001. ) Sea turtles are interesting because they have very highly evolved flippers to help them propel through the water. In addition to being able to propel themselves t hrough the water, the sea turtles use their flippers to climb up steep, rocky shores and can use their flippers to evade all sorts of different predators of the sea turtles. While sea turtles all have the same basic anatomy, there are some things that set some species of sea urtles apart from other sea turtles. For example, Green sea turtles have prefrontal scales on the head, a differing number of scutes on the carapace, and the type of inframarginal scutes that appear on the pastron. (Wtbeken, 2001. ) Respiratory system The sea turtle requires a respiratory system that is able to support it through diverse depths and distances. Due to sea turtles's excessive breath-hold, the respiratory system must be able to compensate for time elapsed without exhalation. When exhalation does occur, it is brief. The main component that bears the respiratory weight is essentially the lung.The lung, â€Å"functions as the major oxygen store and can supply sufficient oxygen for most routine dives ( up to 20 mins) to be aerobic† (Lutz, 1985). Moreover, the lung almost carries the complete load of respiration in the sea turtle. â€Å"The respiratory properties of sea turtle blood are particularly well suited to lung-tissue transport during routine brethhold periods, surviving prolonged dives of at least three hours by having a high anaerobic capacity† (Lutz, 1985). A difference of the amphibians, turtles posses a negative lung preassure. Digestive systemGreen sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, get their name from the color of their body fat, which is green from the algae or limu they eat. Adult green sea turtles are herbivores, meaning that they eat only plants, and therefore do not pose a threat to any other marine animals. Juvenile green sea turtles on the other hand are carnivorous. Their diet consists of jellyfish and other invertebrates (Green sea turtles, 2001). Although the carapaces of green sea turtles are mostly dark brown in color, they can be covered with patc hes of algae on which fishes in turn feed (Green sea turtles, 2001).This particular relationship of the fish eating algae off the turtle's shell would be considered a form of mutualism. Urinary System The excretory system of the turtle is responsible for removing harmful wastes from the turtle's body and blood. The kidney of the turtle performs the blood filtering process and the wastes are then sent to the bladder as urine. In sea turtles the kidneys are also aided by the salt gland to get rid of the excess salt in the sea water (Green Sea Turtles, 2001). The bladder is the storage place of the urine. From the bladder the urine goes to the cloaca, which is where urine leaves the body.The cloaca is also used to take in oxygen and other nutrients in sea turtles when they reach critical levels. Reproductive System Although green sea turtles live most of their lives in the ocean, adult females must return to land in order to lay their eggs. Biologists believe that nesting female turtle s return to the same beach where they were born. Hawaii's green sea turtles migrate as far as 800 miles from their feeding areas along the coasts of the main Hawaiian islands to their nesting beaches in the Northwestern Hawaiian islands (Green Sea Turtles, 2001).Males accompany the females during the migration, which usually occurs in the late spring, and mate with them off the shores of the nesting beaches. Females do not mate every year, but when they do, they come ashore often- as many as five times every 15 days to make nests in the sand and lay eggs. Green sea turtles nest only at night. The female must pull herself out of the water and all the way to the dry sand of the upper beach using only her front flippers. This is a difficult task as her front limbs have been modified into highly effective swimming flippers, and do not support the bulk of her weight in the sand.After placing the eggs female basically has completed her parenting job, then she returns to the sea leaving he r young’s to fend for them-selves. Unfortunately, not all of the hatchlings reach the ocean. Many are snatched up by hungry crabs and other predators along the way or become lost and die. In addition, some are eaten by sharks and other carnivorous fishes while at sea. Only a few baby turtles from each nest will survive into adulthood. Jaguar (Panthera Onca) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata SubPhylum: Vertebrata Class: Mamalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: EutheriaOrder: Carnivora Suborder: Feliformia Family: Felidae Subfamily: Pantherinae Genus: Panthera Species: Panthera onca Integumentary system Mammal’s bodies are covered by hairs, tegumentary features that contribute to the regulation of body temperature. In the skin there are a quantity of sweat glands and sebaceous or oil glands that help to keep the skin in good health by lubricating it and eliminating toxic byproducts through the sweat. In addition to this elimination function, the sweat contributes to thermo- regulation, cooling the surface through evaporation.In addition to hairs, the skin grows other structures, such as nails, claws or hooves as well as the horns and callous foot pads of certain mammals. Heterodontia is characteristic of mammals, that is to say that they have teeth of different structure, as opposed to homodontia, in which all the teeth are alike. Musculo-skeletal system The Jaguar is a large and muscular animal that has a heavier and sturdier body than that of a Leopard. They have a large, broad head with jaws so strong that they are said to have the most powerful bite of all the world's Cats. Jaguar, 2008). They are also fast runners, but they get tired quickly. They can also climb very well and are good swimmers. (Felines, 2002) The jaguar’s skeleton is not so different from the human skeleton. Jaguars have more bones and many are identical to those in the human being. They have have 13 ribs; humans have 12. They also do have clavicles but unlike humans, they are not attached to other bones. The outside of a bone, the cortex, is composed of minerals and protein and gives the bone its rigidity. Inside the bone is the marrow cavity that produces red blood cells.Jaguar’s muscles are tough and well-coordinated and help to make the animal an agile hunter. Basically, jaguar’s muscles are designed for walking, running, leaping, and twisting. Their muscular control and skeletal flexibility enable it to right its body during a fall with incredible speed—a trick that is unique to the family felidae. Respiratory System The respiratory system functions primarily to transfer oxygen from the air to the blood and to remove carbon dioxide from the blood and carry it out of the body into the air. Oxygen is vital to the body’s maintenance.Carbon dioxide is a waste product of the maintenance process. Jaguar breathes in air through its nose and mouth. The nose and mouth join to form the pharynx. The trachea is a tube that extend s from the pharynx to the lungs. The epiglottis covers the trachea when swallowing occurs to prevent food and water from entering the lungs. At the lungs the trachea branches into smaller tubes called bronchi or bronchial tubes. The bronchi divide into smaller and smaller bronchioles until they become dead end sacs called alveoli. It is in the alveoli where the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur.Digestive system The jaguar is a carnivore. It hunts mostly at night. Its prey includes capybara, peccaries, deer, large ground birds, fish, snakes, turtles and rabbits. It will also eat livestock like horses, cows and sheep. The jaguar hunts mostly on the ground, but it sometimes climbs a tree and pounces on its prey from above. The jaguar has very powerful jaws and sharp teeth and usually kills its prey with one crushing bite to the skull. ( Jaguar, 2008) Jaguar’s digestive system is comprised of the alimentary canal and accessory glands.The alimentary canal consists of the lips, mouth, teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The accessory glands are the liver, pancreas, and the salivary glands. All the organs work to process the food a cat eats. The intestines work to extract and absorb the nutrients and eliminate the wastes. (Foss, A. Michael, et al, 2008) Urinary System The important organs of the cat’s urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are located on either side of the body in the lumbar region (between ribs and pelvis).Blood is filtered through the kidneys and the liquid waste product is called urine. Urine is passed through the ureters to the bladder where it is stored. The urine is then discharged through the urethra, a tube connecting the bladder to the exterior of the body. (Foss, A. Michael, et al, 2008) Reproductive system Despite the fact that most Jaguar cubs are generally born between the months of December and March, it is not uncommon for them to be born at other times of the year. During the mating season, the female Jaguar will use loud vocal calls to attract a male into her territory. Female Jaguars typically give birth to two or three cubs.Once their cubs are born however, the female Jaguar will not tolerate the male in her territory as she becomes very protective of her young at this stage. Jaguar cubs are born blind and gain their sight after about two weeks. They are weaned by their mother when they are around 3 months old, although the cubs will rely on their mother to hunt and provide for them until they are about 6 months old. At 6 months, the Jaguar cubs will then start to accompany the female jaguar on hunts but will not venture out on their own until they are one or two years old and have established a territory for themselves. Jaguar, 2008) Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) Kingdon: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Psittaciformes Family: Pisttacinae Genus: Ara Lacepede, 1799 Species: Ara macao Subspecies: Ara macao cyanopterus Integumentary system Scarlet macaws are brightly colored birds with feathers ranging in color bands from scarlet on their head and shoulders, to yellow on their back and mid wing feathers and blue on the wing tips and tail feathers. The face has short white feathers. This area surrounds the light yellow colored eyes. The long, thick beak is light on the top and dark black on the bottom.The legs and feet are also black (David, 2003) Birds are endothermal, or warm-blooded. That means they have an internal furnace, fueled by food, that generates heat and allows them to keep their bodies at a constant temperature, even though the temperature of their environment changes. Birds are also able to regulate their body temperature by conserving or losing heat through a variety of ways -— feathers help retain heat, while panting helps get rid of heat. (Bird Life, 2008) Musculo-skeletal system Macaws are the largest parrots in the world — the bod y of the scarlet macaw from beak to tail can be as long as 33 inches.This beautiful macaw has a creamy white, almost featherless face, with bright red plumage covering most of its body, wings and long tail. Brilliant blue and yellow feathers also adorn the lower wings. The bird's strong beak is adapted to breaking hard nuts found in the rainforest. (David, 2003) Respiratory system The high metabolism and athletic life-style of birds require a great deal of oxygen. Four organs work together to carry oxygen to the cells: nostrils, trachea, lungs, and air sacs. With each breath, air moves through the nostrils, down the trachea and into the lungs and air sacs. From the lungs, xygen passes into the bloodstream and then to the body cells. The air that passes into the air sacs cools the internal organs and helps maintain body temperature. Nearly all of the air in the lungs is replaced with each breath. When flying, birds require ten to twenty times more oxygen than at rest. To supply the e xtra oxygen, birds increase their breathing rates. (Bird Life, 2008) Digestive system Wild Scarlet Macaws mostly eat fruits and seeds, including large, hard seeds. Like other parrots, they are seed predators, they destroy the seeds that they eat and do not disperse them. Some macaws are sometimes seen eating clay from river banks. Bird Life, 2008 Since birds have no teeth, the digestive system must grind up food so that the energy stored in it can be used. A hollow digestive tube extends from the mouth through the entire length of the body to an external opening called the cloaca. The tube is divided into the throat (pharynx), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Urinary system The urinary system of birds is different from mammals, as birds produce both urine and urates. The kidneys possess two different types of nephrons, the units that filter the blood to remove toxins and products of metabolism.Birds cannot concentrate their urine as well as mammals can. Bird s also are uricotelic, meaning that they excrete the end product of nitrogen metabolism as uric acid, which is made in the liver and they excreted from the blood. Uric acid is the creamy white portion of the dropping. Urine is the clear portion. The feces constitute the third portion of a dropping, and this consists of the solid portion, usually brown or green, depending on what the bird has been eating. A bird is able to urinate independently of defecating, or passing feces, but most of the time, the bird will pass urine, urates and feces at the same time. Bird Life 2008) Reproductive system Like most parrots, the female Scarlet Macaw lays 2 to 4 white eggs in a tree cavity. The young hatch after 24 to 25 days. They fledge about 105 days later and leave their parents a year later. (bird life, 2008) The scarlet macaw protects its baby by staying in the nest with the baby or babies and being aware of any type of danger. It pinches predators with its beak and screams noises for help w hen a predator wants to eat the baby and/ or female. The female stays with the baby 1-2 years. It stays most of the day and the male fetch food for the baby or babies. Brightsmith, 2004) Works cited Shark Research Institute. Whale Shark FAQ. Dlvingdog productions Inc. Nov 2006. Shark Research Institute. November 7, 2012. (Greey Literature) Thums, Michele. â€Å"Why Whale Sharks Need to Swim Near the Surface†. PHYS. ORG. Benson Jhon, October 19, 2012. Web. November 7, 2012. (Gray literature) Stewart, Keith and Simanek, Dan. â€Å"Body Form and Locomotion in Sharks†. Integrative and Comparative Biology Vol 17. 2 (2012): 343-354. Print (Scientific Journal) Roberts, Hickman, et al. Integrated Principles of Zoology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2006.Print Hammerson, Geoffrey A. Amphibians and Reptiles in Colorado, A Colorado Field Guide. Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado, 1999. Print Nauwalaerts, Sandra et al. â€Å"Morphological correlates of aquatic and terr estrial locomotion in semi-aquatic frog†. Journal of Anatomy. Vol. 210. 3 (2007): 304-317. Print. (Journal) Stinner N, Jerry, and Shoemaker, H. Vaughan. â€Å"Cutaneous gas exchange and low evaporative water loss in the frogs†. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. Vol 157. 4 (1987): 423-427.Print. (journal) Earthtrust. 2001. Green sea turtles. Retrieved November 7, 2012, from website: http://earthrust. org/wlcurruc/turtles. html Wyneken, J. 2001. The Anatomy of Sea Turtles. U. S. Department of Commerce NOAA Thechnical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-470, 1-172. Print Lutz, P. L. and T. B. Bentley. 1985. Respiratory Physiology of Diving in the Sea Turtle. Copeia. 3: 671-679 â€Å"Felines†. UXL Encyclopedia of Science. 2002. Encyclopedia. com. 10 November, 2012 Jaguar. OpenCrypt membership software. 2008. Web. November 9, 2012. Foss, A. Michael, et al. Cat Anatomy and Physiology†. 4-H Youth Development. 4. 3. (2008) :210-267. Print Jukofsky, Diane. Encyclopedia of Rainforests. Connecticut: Oryx Press, 2002. Alderton, David (2003). The ultimate encyclopedia of caged and aviary birds. London, England: Hermes House. p. 234. BirdLife International 2008. Ara macao. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009. 1. . Brightsmith, D. 2004. â€Å"Macaws, their Nesting Sites and the Macaw Project† (On-line). Rainforest Expeditions. at http://www. perunature. com/info01. asp.

The Invention of Paper Money

The Invention of Paper Money Paper money is an invention of the Song Dynasty in China in the 11th century CE, nearly 20 centuries after the earliest known use of metal coins. While paper money was certainly easier to carry in large amounts, using paper money had its risks: counterfeiting and inflation. Earliest Money The earliest known form of money is also from China, a cast copper coin from the 11th century BCE, which was found in a Shang Dynasty tomb in China.  Metal coins, whether made from copper, silver, gold or other metals, have been used across the globe as units of trade and value.  They have advantages- they are durable, difficult to counterfeit, and they hold intrinsic value.  The big disadvantage?  If you have very many of them, they get heavy. For a couple thousand years after the coins were buried in that Shang tomb, however, merchants, traders, and customers in China had to put up with carrying coins, or with bartering goods for other goods directly.  Copper coins were designed with square holes in the middle so that they could be carried on a string.  For large transactions, traders calculated the price as the number of coin strings.  It was workable, but an unwieldy system at best. Paper Money Takes the Load Off During the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE), however, merchants began to leave those heavy strings of coins with a trustworthy agent, who would record how much money the merchant had on deposit on a piece of paper.  The paper, a sort of promissory note, could then be traded for goods, and the seller could go to the agent and redeem the note for the strings of coins.  With trade renewed along the Silk Road, this simplified cartage considerably.  These privately-produced promissory notes were still not true paper currency, however. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE), the government licensed specific deposit shops where people could leave their coins and receive notes.  In the 1100s, Song authorities decided to take direct control of this system, issuing the worlds first proper, government-produced paper money.  This money was called jiaozi.   Jiaozi to Chao to Djaou The Song established factories to print paper money with woodblocks, using six colors of ink.  The factories were located in Chengdu, Hangzhou, Huizhou, and Anqi, and each used different fiber mixes in their paper to discourage counterfeiting.  Early notes expired after three years, and could only be used in particular regions of the Song Empire. In 1265, the Song government introduced a truly national currency, printed to a single standard, usable across the empire, and backed by silver or gold.  It was available in denominations between one and one hundred strings of coins.  This currency lasted only nine years, however, as of the Song Dynasty tottered, falling to the Mongols in 1279. Mongol Influence The Mongol Yuan Dynasty, founded by Kublai Khan, issued its own form of paper currency called chao; the Mongols brought it to Persia where it was called djaou  or djaw.  The Mongols also showed it to Marco Polo during his stay in Kublai Khans court, where he was amazed by the idea of government-backed currency.  However, the paper money was not backed by gold or silver.  The short-lived Yuan Dynasty printed increasing amounts of the currency, leading to runaway inflation.  This problem was unresolved when the dynasty collapsed in 1368. Although the succeeding Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) also began by printing unbacked paper money, it suspended the program in 1450.  For much of the Ming era, silver was the currency of choice, including tons of Mexican and Peruvian ingots brought to China by Spanish traders.  Only in the last two, desperate years of Ming rule did the government print paper money, as it attempted to fend off the rebel Li Zicheng and his army.  China did not print paper money again until the 1890s when the Qing Dynasty began producing yuan. Sources Lande, Lawrence, and T. I. M. Congdon. John Law and the Invention of Paper Money. RSA Journal 139.5414 (1991): 916–28. Print.Lui, Francis T. Cagans Hypothesis and the First Nationwide Inflation of Paper Money in World History. Journal of Political Economy 91.6 (1983): 1067–74. Print.Pickering, John. The History of Paper Money in China. Journal of the American Oriental Society 1.2 (1844): 136–42. Print.

Pantheon essays

Pantheon essays In 476 AD, the fall of the Roman Empire marked the beginning of the Middle Ages. However, before its fall, the empire was divided into the Eastern and Western Roman Empires. In 476, the Western Roman Empire fell, while the Eastern Roman Empire, whose capital became Constantinople, preserved Roman culture and became the Byzantine Empire (Tomlinson, 41). And while the architecture of the Byzantine Empire was primarily based on the great legacy of Roman formal and technical achievements, their forms are more different than similar. The Pantheon in Rome one of the greatest structures and most influential buildings of all time (Trachtenberg, 139) is often compared to the Hagia Sophia, the one work that realizes the ideal Byzantine model (Trachtenberg, 173). Although the Pantheon in Rome has provided a model for the Hagia Sophia, the different Architectural styles have proven them more different than alike. The Pantheon in Rome, which was dedicated to all the Gods, was built by Hadrian between AD 118 and 128. It consists of three major elements: a domed cella, a Corinthian porch, and a rectangular structure between the two, connecting them. This was very similar to the basic setup of the traditional Roman temple, however, what makes the Pantheon so remarkable is mainly its size. After passing through the 85-foot-high porch and the 20-foot wide and 40-foot high doorway, one would enter the cylindrical base 142 feet in diameter. The hemispherical dome above, whose height reaches 142 feet above the floor with a central opening (oculus), open to the sky. The walls consist of eight large widely separately piers leaving eight niches, with one as the entrance and the others as statues of the gods. Hagia Sophia was built as the new Cathedral of Constantinople by the Emperor Justinian in 532. The building was completed in 537, with Hagia Sophia under construction for only 5 years. Both the speed of the ...

Make Your Own Solid Perfume With This Recipe

Make Your Own Solid Perfume With This Recipe Solid perfume is easy to make, plus its practical and it wont spill. It doesnt contain alcohol, which makes this a good perfume project for people who dont want the additive in their perfume. Solid Perfume Ingredients You can find beeswax and oils at most health food stores or craft stores. 1 tablespoon beeswax or petroleum jelly1 tablespoon jojoba oil or sweet almond oil8-15 drops essential oil (fragrance oils used for making perfume)Â  Small clean container (1/2 ounce) to hold your solid perfume If you dont want to purchase a new container for your perfume, look for lip balm tins. Lipstick or Chapstick containers also work well. Make Solid Perfume Melt together the wax or petroleum jelly with the jojoba or sweet almond oil. You can either microwave the ingredients for a few seconds in a microwave-safe container or else you can heat the mixture over a double-boiler.Once this mixture has liquefied, remove it from heat. Stir in the essential oils. You can use a toothpick, straw or even a spoon. Expect your perfume to coat the stirrer, so either use something disposable or else something you can wash (i.e., dont use a wooden spoon, unless you want it to smell pretty forever).Pour the liquid into your final container. Set the lid on top of the container, but leave it ajar. This will help prevent condensation inside your container while minimizing the chance of microbial contamination of the product.Apply the perfume by rubbing a finger on the product to liquefy it, then rub your finger on the area you want to be scented.

Australian Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Australian Economy - Essay Example Figure 1 - Historical real GDP growth in Australia's economy The Australian economy is expected to see a rise of between 3.75% and 4% in the GDP for the 2011-12 fiscal year. However certain estimates see this prediction as too high given the current global economic climate (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2010; Brinsden, 2010). The figure below speaks volumes of the success of the Australian government and the Australian Reserve Bank in keeping the Australian economy afloat (Australian Government, 2010; Reserve Bank of Australia, 2010; Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2010). Figure 2 - Comparison of international GDP growth rates The GDP of any nation is composed of the consumption (C), the investment (I), the net governmental fiscal spending (G) and the net exports (X – Q) which can be expressed mathematically as: Australia’s response to these components can be used to better delineate the response of the Australian government and the Australian Reserve Bank to deal with the ch allenges in the wake of the global financial crisis. Consumption can be used as a major indicator of the economic situation. Australia saw an increase in retail spending of around 0.8% by volume between June 2009 and 2010 which indicates greater consumer confidence (The Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010). However there is little denying that the global financial crisis made Australian consumers all the more conservative (Gruen, 2010) as the household savings rate went up by 1.3% by May 2010 (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2010). Given that consumption growth alone is responsible for 1.5% of the growth of the Australian GDP, it serves as an important sector. The GDP also witnessed a boost in investment especially in the mining sector although the government’s new tax on mining was expected to prohibit further growth. The mining industry witnessed a growth in investment of 29% between June 2009 and 2010 which was around 50% more than expected (Pascoe, 2010). As an initial respo nse to the global financial crisis the government spending shot up dramatically but this was slowed down fearing: overstimulation of the economy; crowding out of private investment; placing a large debt burden. The GDP was positively supported by the net exports as the current account deficit first fell and then went into a positive trade surplus. The increase in net exports can be seen to result from increased demand for Australian minerals in the South East Asian market. Moreover contribution from net exports is expected to rise in 2011 as new capital investment is lowered into mineral operations that will remove bottle necks that affect production capacity (Stutchbury, 2010). The policies and approaches adopted by the Australian government since 2008 have been directed at handling the impacts of the global financial crisis. Macroeconomic policies have been specifically designed and geared to minimise damage from the global financial crisis. Moreover another chief aim of these pol icies remains the provision of adequate exit strategies that would be implemented once economic stability is seen on the horizon. The current fiscal stance of the Australian government is more towards contraction as the budget deficit for 2010-11 was some 40.8

Business Law and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Law and Ethics - Essay Example eternal law), further bolstering its obligatory nature, then calling attention to the Roman jurists and the contemporary court pronouncements to the same effect, adding a legal dimension to the duty. All these aside, Johnston argues that the fiduciary obligation is encompassed within natural law, that is, it is within the nature of man as a free, rational and social being to render fiduciary loyalty where the situation calls for it. In the context of business, the fiduciary relationship exists between the owner of the business and the person that owner has hired to discharge the business. In modern corporate parlance, the business owner would be the shareholders, those who have invested financial resources in the business entity. The steward hired to conduct the affairs of the business is the modern business manager, or the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in large corporations. In the Biblical metaphor, therefore, the CEO is the servant who is morally charged to owe loyalty to the shar eholders. Johnston argues that one who serves in a fiduciary position cannot serve his interest first before the interest of the person/s to whom trust is owed, legally, the cestui que trust or beneficiary of the trust relationship. Corollary to this argument is that the person entrusted cannot substitute his own judgment for that of the trustor, or undertake an action that he knows jeopardizes the trustor’s best interests. The conflict therefore arises in the modern business context, where advocates of corporate social responsibility insist that business managers, particularly for large corporations, have a duty not only to shareholders but also to other stakeholders – customers, employees, suppliers, the immediate community and society in general – to likewise serve their benefit and welfare in the conduct of their business. This is seen to run counter to the fiduciary relationship because management would have to decide in favour of the benefit of other share holders, at times to the detriment of the aim to maximize shareholder gain and corporate profit. It is the equal obligation to stakeholders as to shareholders that Johnston believes is untenable in practice From a legal standpoint, I would tend to agree with Johnston. Given an either-or proposition, the fiduciary relationship would supersede the stakeholder relationship. From a practical perspective, however, it is apparent that seldom is one drawn into the choice of one side to the exclusion of the other. Most business owners are aware that keeping customers satisfied, employees engaged and motivated, suppliers operationally viable, and the community supportive, would eventually translate to business gain and growth. By serving stakeholder interests, managers may forego opportunities for short-term profits but benefit the shareholders in terms of long-run and sustainable profitability. From a utilitarian perspective, therefore, the satisfaction of stakeholder interests also serves the interests of the shareholders, and there is no conflict. It is also often forgotten that the shareholders are themselves stakeholders of the company, particularly as customers, and oftentimes also as employees, because of employees’ share options. Shareholders are also part of the community and larger society. In this sense, the

The explotation of slavery from colonial times to 1877 Essay

The explotation of slavery from colonial times to 1877 - Essay Example Slavery was a problem in the world from its birth. People who are sold, then asked to work ruthlessly and do not have any rights of their own are known as slaves. To build up the economy of America they needed people who could work according to what they required and thus at this time the African people were targeted and used as slaves. By the sixteenth century the use of these servants had become common and this made a way for the Africans to enter America. Agreements were made with these slaves, which stated that they would be bound to work for their master for some years. And after the specified period of time these slaves were set free. These were known as the contracted or indentured servants. During this era many of the African people who were bound with their masters for some years got free and started working as traders or land owners. At this time there was a greed for more land and a stabilized economy and thus this raised the demand graph of the slaves in America. At this time the slaves of Africa became popular and were highly charged for their services. Most of the Southern America needed workers for the plantations of rice, tobacco, cotton etc. These slaves were also used for other purposes such as crafting and personal servants. While on the other hand in Northern America these slaves were mostly used in trade, factories and farms. The demand of the slaves in America grew by a very significant rate and by the 17th century there were an estimated 180,000 African slaves working on the American soil. Sooner this number increased even further and in some states the black slaves consumed most of the population of the state. In the sixteenth century states like Massachusetts made new laws which made oppression as lawful servitude. This worsened the conditions of the Africans who were living in the American soil. They thus turned into chattel slaves who could be sold and purchased only by their owners. The people from Africa were known for their work in mining farming agriculture and other skills. People from Portugal were the first to start slave trading. Sudan was the basic area where slaves could be found. The wars which took place between different tribes in Africa gave way to the selling of tribes as the side which won kept some of their prisoners as captives and further sold them to other people. Many other people were kidnapped by the hunters which were then used as slaves. These slaves were very important for the economy of America as they were good at planting different agricultural goods. The rise of the slaves got on its peak when there was seen a rise in the demand of basic agricultural goods like cotton, tobacco and coffee. This trade of slaves gave so much profit that in the sixteenth century Royal African Company outdated other traders in term of profits. Slaves at a time were also known as the Black Gold. At this time many people from Europe moved to America to practice their religion with freedom. But on the other hand Slavery was to be justified as it provided such a boost to the economy of America. Therefore to defend that slavery was correct and legal, people started to justify it by classifying the group of blacks as substandard, low-grade and fated to be slaves. Even at those times the churches did not take up this issue seriously and did not try to eliminate slavery. Even some

Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion Research Paper

Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion - Research Paper Example After the accident, the above-ground storage policy was questioned and utility companies began to store natural gas below the ground to improve their safety rather than in tanks. The disaster was a valuable lesson that underlined the importance of ensuring optimum pressure in gas storage tanks and ensuring that leaks can be detected. This report recommends using tanks that store gas within them at a lower pressure and this would be invaluable even for transporting gas through pipelines to its various locations, because maintaining the pressure at a reasonable low would help to avoid the accidents that could result from leaks and over -pressurized pipelines. On the 20th of October 1944, a natural gas storage tank above the ground which was full of liquefied natural gas exploded (www.ohiohistorycentral.org). Although investigators into the disaster were unable to discover the causes for the explosion, it is widely believed that a leak developed in the seam of the side of the tank that dipped down into the city sewers. Vapour began to escape from this seam, mixing with air and sewer gas, which in turn produced explosions (www.waymarking.com). Since the tank was located near a lake, winds blowing from the lake pushed the gas towards the town where it slipped into the sewer lines through the catch basins that were located in the street gutters. The gas travelled rapidly through the underground pipes linking the sewer lines causing explosions that were so violent that they lifted manhole covers and sent them flying away. This was not however, the end of the disaster. The fire department was called out and tackled the explosions and fires, but even as they were working and the explosions were believed to have been contained, another above ground tank exploded, causing more fires, so that entire homes suddenly caught fire and burnt out with the

La haine ( French Film) COMENTARY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

La haine ( French Film) COMENTARY - Essay Example This paper will analyse a scene from this movie and describe why the particular scene has considerable significance in the film. The scene analysed here takes place in 9.3 to 10.10 minutes of the film. Scene Analysis The three young friends; Vinz (Vincent Cassel), Hubert (Hubert Kounde), and Said (Said Taghmaoui), are the major characters in this movie. Among the three friends, Vinz is a Jewish and a character filled with rage. He keeps heroic notions of a gangster in his mind and therefore he tries to attain respect by killing a cop. In a scene, Vinz tries to impersonate the character ‘Travis Bickle’ played by Robert De Niro for the movie ‘Taxi Driver’. Vinz imitates Travis Bickle in front of a mirror and asks, â€Å"You talking to me?† Then he points his fingers like a gun and shoots. This imitation cannot be considered as just a sudden emotional expression because he repeats the ‘gun firing imitation’ twice during the film. I do believ e that this scene is of great importance in the movie for several reasons. First, this scene plays a crucial role demonstrating the character of Vinz. As mentioned already, he perceives himself as a gangster and tries to win respect through violence. In fact, Vinz is not such a heartless person but his worse life experiences have filled him with rage. As he is not involved in any gangster group, he tries to adopt the characteristics of an underworld hero and to transform himself into a cruel-minded person. He deliberately attempts to bring maximum brutality into his eyes while imitating the character played by Robert De Niro. Vinz has a gun and he is looking for an opportunity to kill a cop and thereby win respect among his friends. Hence, this impersonation can be considered as a preparation for his future actions. However, Vinz is scared of doing actions that he believed to be helpful to win respect as a gangster. To illustrate, in a scene, some anti-immigrant skinheads assault Vi nz’s friends Said and Hubert cruelly. Vinz rushes to the spot and brings an end to the fight by pointing his gun toward the skinheads. Although Vinz got one of them at his gun point, he becomes reluctant to execute his dream and finally Vinz allows the skinhead to flee. This incident later forces him to accept the fact that he cannot be a heartless gangster as he dreamed. Referring to this scene, it is clear that Vinz deliberately impersonates Travis Bickle so as to convince himself that he has the courage to kill someone. In other words, he tries to convince himself that killing someone is not such a difficult task and to make certain that the deed looks so cool. The beauty of this film is that it is shot in black and white. In fact, it reminds the viewer of the fact that instead of sharing the colours of life, Kassovitz clearly wanted to show the hard realities of life; black and white, or the contrast between virtue and vice. According to some reviews, the decision to show the film in black and white has even deeper meaning (La Haine, n.d.). In fact, the film was first shot in colour and then converted to black and white. As Siciliano (2007) points out, this black and white portrayal indicates the colourless life of people in France as a result of the relentless repression and suppression they faced from the French state (Loshitzky 2010). Yet another view point about the colourlessness, according to Siciliano (2007) is that the black and white portrayal helps understand the eeriness and dreariness surrounding the

Animals are Friends, not Scientific Experiments Assignment

Animals are Friends, not Scientific Experiments - Assignment Example They are funded by big companies and sometimes by research agencies. These experiments have however, more often than not, been counter-productive as they fail to understand the basic fact that humans and animals have very different bodies. Drugs may thus not be safe for humans while they are safe for animals and vice-versa. This leads to disastrous consequences where both animal and human lives are lost due to the side-effects on the bodies of both. The basic purpose of the experiments remains unfulfilled and many lives are lost in the process. The issue has also been dealt from the angle of the ethical treatment of animals, in the article. It argues against the use of animals in scientific and medical experiments. Instead, it proposes the use of other techniques that would be able to predict the effects of drugs on human beings. The loss of animal and human lives can thus be minimized, leading to a more harmonious existence for the whole of mankind. This would lead man to treat anim als as friends and not as objects for scientific research (Killing Animals and Humans). Animals are Friends, not Scientific Experiments â€Å"Killing Animals and Humans†, an article that appears on the website of the organization Animal Aid talks about how the entire process of killing animals for the benefit of human beings is a futile exercise. ... The reason that is provided for the insensitive slaughter of these animals is the development of drugs that may be used for the treatment of diseases in human beings. The article hints that the humanitarian side of the debate is often overshadowed by the financial aspect of it. The reason for this may be that these experiments are often funded by big firms and research institutions that have their own lobbies. The article reveals in great detail, the different methods that are used to torture animals and the inhumanity of such an approach. The article also exposes the flaws in the legislative structures of nations across the world where atrocities against animals are often not taken very seriously. The essay also busts the myth about the utility of these experiments to the human race. It cites examples of lives that have been lost as a result of these experiments. As opposed to the common perception that these experiments lead to the loss of only animal lives, it also leads to the lo ss of human lives. These experiments often overlook the fact that animals and humans may not react in the same manner to the same drugs. The different effects that these drugs produce have led to many mistakes in the field of medicine, something that is the public is often not aware of. The essay talks of how medicines that have worked on animals that are as close to the human race as chimpanzees has failed completely on humans. An administration of these drugs to humans without proper research into the human anatomy would always lead to disaster, according to the article. As a result of these mindless experiments, thus, no purpose is fulfilled except the deaths of many humans and animals. The article, as a means of a solution, proposes a paradigm shift in the way experiments

La haine ( French Film) COMENTARY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

La haine ( French Film) COMENTARY - Essay Example This paper will analyse a scene from this movie and describe why the particular scene has considerable significance in the film. The scene analysed here takes place in 9.3 to 10.10 minutes of the film. Scene Analysis The three young friends; Vinz (Vincent Cassel), Hubert (Hubert Kounde), and Said (Said Taghmaoui), are the major characters in this movie. Among the three friends, Vinz is a Jewish and a character filled with rage. He keeps heroic notions of a gangster in his mind and therefore he tries to attain respect by killing a cop. In a scene, Vinz tries to impersonate the character ‘Travis Bickle’ played by Robert De Niro for the movie ‘Taxi Driver’. Vinz imitates Travis Bickle in front of a mirror and asks, â€Å"You talking to me?† Then he points his fingers like a gun and shoots. This imitation cannot be considered as just a sudden emotional expression because he repeats the ‘gun firing imitation’ twice during the film. I do believ e that this scene is of great importance in the movie for several reasons. First, this scene plays a crucial role demonstrating the character of Vinz. As mentioned already, he perceives himself as a gangster and tries to win respect through violence. In fact, Vinz is not such a heartless person but his worse life experiences have filled him with rage. As he is not involved in any gangster group, he tries to adopt the characteristics of an underworld hero and to transform himself into a cruel-minded person. He deliberately attempts to bring maximum brutality into his eyes while imitating the character played by Robert De Niro. Vinz has a gun and he is looking for an opportunity to kill a cop and thereby win respect among his friends. Hence, this impersonation can be considered as a preparation for his future actions. However, Vinz is scared of doing actions that he believed to be helpful to win respect as a gangster. To illustrate, in a scene, some anti-immigrant skinheads assault Vi nz’s friends Said and Hubert cruelly. Vinz rushes to the spot and brings an end to the fight by pointing his gun toward the skinheads. Although Vinz got one of them at his gun point, he becomes reluctant to execute his dream and finally Vinz allows the skinhead to flee. This incident later forces him to accept the fact that he cannot be a heartless gangster as he dreamed. Referring to this scene, it is clear that Vinz deliberately impersonates Travis Bickle so as to convince himself that he has the courage to kill someone. In other words, he tries to convince himself that killing someone is not such a difficult task and to make certain that the deed looks so cool. The beauty of this film is that it is shot in black and white. In fact, it reminds the viewer of the fact that instead of sharing the colours of life, Kassovitz clearly wanted to show the hard realities of life; black and white, or the contrast between virtue and vice. According to some reviews, the decision to show the film in black and white has even deeper meaning (La Haine, n.d.). In fact, the film was first shot in colour and then converted to black and white. As Siciliano (2007) points out, this black and white portrayal indicates the colourless life of people in France as a result of the relentless repression and suppression they faced from the French state (Loshitzky 2010). Yet another view point about the colourlessness, according to Siciliano (2007) is that the black and white portrayal helps understand the eeriness and dreariness surrounding the

Flaws in Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Flaws in Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Mark Twains novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is by any means a classic. However, there are several flaws. First of all the coincidence that everything happens with in my mind detracts some from the story. The other major problem is that the book seems to drag on and on the closer you get to the end, as if Twain had a page quota to fill and was not worried about the story. The other problem brought up on our hand-out was Hucks lack of seriousness in what was a very serious situation for Jim. As for the coincidence part, it appears most obviously as you read towards the end. For example Huck ends up at Aunt Pollys, and I was thinking, yeah right those chances are about one in a million. And then after Huck tells Aunt Polly that he is Tom, Tom shows up uh-huh, I bet. It is things such as those I just mentioned that make it very difficult for me to read a book without becoming frustrated. It is probably because I am used to real life and like it or not real life is just not that perfect. My other gripe was that Twain seems to ramble on and on and on an.. To me it seems as if the story that he was writing became faint shortly after the time when Huck says, Its me. George Jackson, sir(pg. 95). I do have to give him that the feud was interesting filler, but you can only take so much filler. Then when John Wayne (The Duke) and Elvis (The King) come along there seem to be four or five stops along the river that except for one little detail, are the same. Please excuse the jump back, but how coincidental is it that you have a Duke and a King on the same raft in the middle of the Mississippi river (yes I do know they are not really royalty but that does not matter)? Even during all of this complaining I have done I did find humor in such things as when Huck was observing some local loafers and their discussions about borrowing and lending chewing tobacco. Here, gimme back the chaw and you take the plug. (pg. 138). I can just picture four or five guys laying around chewing tobacco with spit/tobacco juice running down their chins, probably in dirty overalls with no shirts on underneath and boots, to complete the look, three or four days of beard waiting to be shaved, and oh yeah, a nice old straw hat. The picture of this I have in my head is just so vivid that it disgusts me now. I think that is one of the reasons this is such a great book, the imagery. The final thing mentioned was Hucks lack of seriousness or that he was too humorous or too wrapped up in fantasy for the situation both he and Jim were in. Here as opposed to the things I attacked above I will have to be on the side of the defense. My foremost reason is that I do not think Huck realizes the seriousness of the predicament. Huck is a boy that lives in Hannibal, MO during the times of the Civil War, he probably does not know any other ways to deal with anyone who is a slave or is trying to escape. Put yourself in his shoes once and think of the trouble you might have. Then think how you would deal with these problems. Would it be in the way many kids do, with a bit of fun to try to alleviate some of the tension? Take the time when Jim thinks Huck is dead and he shows up scaring Jim to the point of carrying out a conversation with a ghost. Jim says I alwuz liked dead people, en done all I could for ? em (pg. 40). Read that section over and see if it does not seem to be in good taste, if you can call anything done by Huck tasteful. I think it does. My final task is to come up with a new ending. I think my ending goes like this: Huck and Jim find the mouth of the Ohio river as planned and venture upstream by any means available. As they continue up the river the bond between the two runaways becomes ever stronger. When they reach the free states and Jim is officially free. After waiting around a while the two begin to get money in any way they can. When it is enough Jim buys his wife and children out of slavery, and Huck takes a cut (not too much, just enough to get home). Once home Huck starts all over with his ever interesting plots (not without the help of Tom Sawyer). Time passes and over the years Huck misses Jim and eventually embarks on a quest. The quest to find Jim. This journey would be much like the journey he and Jim took just a few years ago. This time though, there is no John Wayne and Elvis to make the story drawn out and boring towards the end. Then Huck finds Jim, meets the wife and kids, and goes back home to lead a normal (or as normal as can be) life working as little as possible and living off his $6000.

Disadvantages of Organizational Culture: Dell Case Study

Disadvantages of Organizational Culture: Dell Case Study There are many aspects of organizations in todays business world. Each institution in the market over all stock market profits and achieve competitive advantage sought. A variety of organization structure, which is working according to their needs. These structures collectively through effective management and behavior contribute to the success of these organizations. Popular business students study organizational behavior, these days, and managers, and organizational structure related to the behavior of experts and systems practice and practice to achieve progress in the future of any business and organization to find the best strategy is relevant to the study economies. In this test, many in practice, culture and organizational structure see related aspects. Dell in the computer industry that the new company is a successful global networking. In this study, we will find how the Dell company in the development of a competitive environment and treated with a certain kind of structure to a different strategy implementation. Dell technology development is an American multinational company, and sells some of the products and services associated with computers supports. Michael Dell founded Dell in 1984, the company ranks as one of the largest computer related. Majority in the United States between 96 000 employees in all parts of the world. In 2009, a company that personal computers, servers, data storage equipment sells, network, few programs, as well as computer accessories switch. Dell now sells high-definition television, camera, printer, and MP three players and electronic, which are produced by other manufacturers. Companys supply management and is known for innovation in electronic commerce. Fortune magazine in May 2010 and Dell as the largest United States and 38 in Texas, developed by Big 5 corporations. This is the second largest non-oil. Michael Dell started selling directly to customers, and computers, Ltd. is trying to understand customer needs. It was Michael Dell dropped out of school to keep their poultry family, also received $ 300,000 to expand their family. They first designed in 1985 the company successfully Turbo PC, which sold $ 795 in the United States was called to produce its own computer. Computer Computer, the consumers and all of the above allocation of assembly for the direct selling regulations were limited advertising in national magazines. Companies more than $ 73 million for the first year are growing. In 1988, the company changed its name to Dell Computer Corporation also has the world will begin to expand. à  Ã‚ ¤Ã…“à  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨ 1988 Dell 30 million to 80 million have been. In 1992, Fortune magazines Worlds largest 500 companies in the Dell Computer Corporation put even Michael Dell, a Fortune 500 company than a smaller companys chief executive announced. Of 1996, Dell started selling computers in 2002 to its website, Dell TVs, printers and digital audio players and portable devices of the computer product line expanded. Lackluster performance, however, in low-end computers has led to Michael Dell as CEO to take over again. Founder and announced a so-called change campaign to reduce the number of employees and the companys products to diversify Dell 2.0. The company argued in January 2008 to achieve equality in the market for iSCSI storage become stronger. Dale effective manufacturing process already because of the companys products under the equity and reason t o the prices of manufacturing industries integration. In 2009 Peru Dell systems technology and outsourcing services company founded by H. Ross Perot. In September 2009, Dell announced its intention to Peru, to $ 3.9 billion in a deal Systems (Plano, Texas-based) get reported. Peru brought the application systems development and systems integration, the United States and 10 other countries through its operations and strategic consulting services. In addition, it offers a variety of services, business process operations including claims processing and call center outsourcing. August 16, 2010 in, Dell to get your data storage company 3PAR announced. On September 2, 2010 Hewlett-Packard Co. launched the $ 33 per share, which Dell refused to match. In this study, we see the behavior of organizational culture and Dell. Server: Our products and services include the following: Storage Printing and Imaging System Workstations Laptops Desktop Computers Networking Products Software and peripheral products Managed Services Professional Services Deployment Services Dell Support Services Training and Certification Services 3. Organizational Structures Organizational structure is defined as institutions that support and contribute to a common goal to serve the concept of hierarchical subordination? I like this definition for several reasons. One is that it is easy to understand and the point where the reading during the transition to the next after the last sentence of the definition of long ago forgotten to the contrary. The other is that it defines the word as the organizational structure spoke to him harshly. Management and organizational structure for Talisman and out of all the requirements because only the truth a hierarchical structure that takes place each employee in the organization. Organizational structure and thus a total of all material and legal aspects concerning the structure and organization of work. Organizational structure while there is still a very old concept, and develop business models for years to keep pace with today have passed on. New models continued to work in crop cultivation, and management processes required to keep pace so that organizations can take the best of its structure. And organizational structure and bureaucratic red tape after the first line can be divided. And organizational structure and leadership and communication on the line in terms of industrial base on the old state, not only in one direction to lower a high level of authority. Lower level is also expected to follow any ordered not to respond. The latest structures that have emerged in the 1970s, and encourage two-way communication and consideration of proposals to allow the lower level. Mid-1800s, which was effective during the 1970 first period of organizational structure. In this era, an organization that was perfect in itself. Organization, the presence of clear boundaries between suppliers and customers. The next input at the gate of the institution, and the final product or any service that the organization was going on. Everything was provided with the internal process. 4. Types of Organizational Structures Type of organizational structure means that the institutions organizational structure is designed business area. Organizational structure based on either work or people can be. Lets look at them one by one. 4.1 Functional structure Functional organization is divided on the basis of acts performed by them, and the division manufacturing, sales and marketing and human resources departments such as accounts management, and so forth in each of the departments of art, and employees alike implement a series of tasks. Within each section there is a new structure. For example, a model for marketing management. 4.2 Structure People There is the structure for the division responsible for different products divide. As the description suggests, the structure of the companies that produce products will be used by more than one. For example, you division for small cars, and SUV category and division, the company car can split Trucks 4.3 Matrix structure It is quite clear that very large enterprises that have only two structures is not possible. Large institutions, which have different structures, all structures and functional division is a combination of people or need to work a large number of people and is based on both a timely manner. This structure is called a matrix. Matrix structure and is divided into sections: The first organization and the departments. As big companies Dell, the matrix or mixed culture and structures. The best organizations in the world today are outside the formal organizational structure and trying to form structures minimums. Although very few of todays enterprises have successfully implemented the idea of implementing agencies and large companies are very simple, it is an organization where none may be inevitable. And lines and other government departments that work across the company encourages everyone Employee destruction. Matrix organizational structure that combines two types of organizational structure and the structure of a unique combination of people or purely service-oriented work environment for people to create a unique combination. The organizational structure and design is useful for most of the appointments that you have projects, the many different professionals working with the troops, and will be contracted to work are working. For example, the matrix organizational structure employed many engineers work in a similar compilation of their experiences. That is where a company of professionals with the same team produces two types of products. Each entity in the company structure should be working correctly. Arrange To get into the world of chaos and structure and organizational culture so that it becomes possible to perform effective returns. Organizational structure means that any kind of hierarchical organization is needed so that there is an appropriate division of duties and responsibilities of various units of work can work in harmony so that the final goal is reached. The need for which the organizational structure of companies is responsible for the formation of many types. In the following article, however, we focus on one type of structure and composition of the matrix should have. If this issue than ever was any confusion, read the following articles to learn more about the organizational structure and whether it involves a matrix. Typically, the structure for each and every one of them a report on the project two or more employers and employees. Hence the matrix organizational structure, and exchange of information for the effective and smooth implementation is essential. Each project and project manager of different teams, and that is expected to provide him with work. Turn report directly to the organization or authority, such as the proposed Vice President to head. There is also a functional management (chaired by the Director of the Department) for a sound technical and leadership skills and organizational excellence through the work to maintain progress by making sure the organization responsible for maintaining the technical operations is. 4.3.1 Benefits Due to the unique combination of the structure, there are advantages to be seen. Here are some of them: Dell has a dedicated team in their work tasks based on the properties and functions are selected. Dell to create a standard for hiring professionals for project needs. Allow more opportunities for success. Part of a team working within the framework of other teams after the appointment of key people is a question of cost-effective because the project cost to Dell corporate culture, its importance is less. Where the structure is not balanced that there is time, and Dell will be a proper balance between the cost performance. And conflict resolution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Del are the least likely, and even if they do, because they are easy to set up the hierarchy. Project Manager at Dell just to make sure the project is completed on time and within budget is responsible for. Therefore, no obvious problems that arise, and there is less chance of external factors affecting the project other than. There is a greater chance of success of the company because of various forces working on the project has a lot of thinking, and thus pressure on energy and problem solving abilities are strong. 4.3.2 defect Although there are benefits matrix organizational structure, and aware of some disadvantages that should be as well. Here are some of them: There may be a lot of confusion and conflict if there are resources shared by teams or group of factors such as ambiguity, two or more at Dell can work. You increase the cost to Dell for the job if there is a lot of contract project manager could. After the main show goes to the heart that there is power and freedom of decision and development of team members or even the project manager is a lot, there used to delay completion of the project is . 5. Organizational Culture Make good on our understanding of organizational culture, and we need to know to what culture? Culture, values and customs that basically people who live anywhere in the world, followed by a set of. If we apply this definition of culture with the word phenomenal, we have a bias or prejudice, without fundamental principles and organization that is fixed and applies to all staff, prices are a matter of organization. The public and private behavior and organization in all of this work is based on peoples reactions. Organizational culture is not convincing. Its best behavior and attitudes, values and belief system of employees can be understood through the study. The color is what distinguishes our perception of the business unit. Any employee to be effective regardless of how efficient it is unable to adapt themselves to the work culture. Organization with a focus on culture, since the growth and success depends on the prevailing culture types company.Does threatened staff members do not feel or daughter there a way to work, grow desire, and they do not prepare for or as a group to go their separate ways? Companies like Dell, traditional management systems, organizational culture is rich with some of the innovations. 5.1 Understanding Organizational Culture I protect my job related as far as the employees do not feel? Manage a difficult boss? Answering these questions will help the organizations culture can appreciate. Some organizations began working on behalf of employees up to encourage. These organizations have a large number of employees who have been with the company for many years, is characterized by the presence of. Seniority is a very important role in these organizations are to a certain degree of job security guarantees. A culture that promotes work and for a short period of time, some business organizations family.In people get together before leaving for good. And managers to consider and hard taskmasters. It is expected the staff to follow strict deadlines. All work and no play culture of these organizations. Of course the interaction between the staff is limited. Might not work or a place is very friendly and comfortable. There are people of intense competition and strive to provide the best can be. Also, people burn out because of stress to be. Peoples expectations of the organization reflect the organizational culture. Key features and innovative culture within Dell claims the support and ambition. Commitment to the unique solution. It is based on the merits of this culture, All business functions as an essential part of the team here and measurable success by meeting the objective says. Direct connection Empowerment Dell sense Tell Dell 5.2 Type of organization culture In todays business environment consists of the following types of organizational culture. 5.2.1 Standard culture Organization standards, and accurately according to specific standards and regulations focused on implementation of regulatory functions. The film, to a high standard of business ethics culture is like. Dell sets standards, but to make employees afraid to get a job in the nervous system horibl not. 5.2.2 Practical Culture Unlike standard cultures, the focus is on meeting our customers desire. In this type of organizational structure, no rules are set by the company and the customers needs is of utmost importance. Dell is keen to more customers, and practically can be named. 5.2.3 Academy Culture This type of culture, highly skilled workers in the organization to develop and improve skills of staff atmosphere offers. This kind of culture, in contrast to hospitals, universities and big companies always do not follow the example of Dell, but still a good learning environment where employees remain with the organization, and grow within do. 5.2.4 Culture Club Usually a senior staff position or level for a long time for an upgrade to keep up with the organization. In the case of using these workers, it is necessary to have special skills needed and desired by the organization. Regulation and corporate law, are examples of this type of force, and Dell do not follow this type. 5.2.6 Castle culture Staff believe that he not be put off or organizations are not. In many cases, the organization is subject to tremendous change. This type of culture, and loans, savings, and big auto companies, in some instances, Dell does not come in this culture. 5.2.7 work hard / play hard This type of regulation does not involve a lot of risks, and organizations originally well-established customer a strong relationship with the party composed by. And large organizations that have strong customer service culture by most of the type selected. Organization with special jargons been equipped with this type of culture and several group meetings with eligible. This is where Dell is focused and they halthy such a culture where competition for employees to learn and try to get. 5.2.8 The process of culture This kind of culture does not include feedback process. This type of culture, and in the organization for the maintenance of law and commitment that are cautious about the choice. The culture of the organization provides stability and better public services. 5.3 Changing work culture The most difficult tasks in the organization, the work culture is changing. Organizational culture change in the presence of the organization for its policies, business ethics and management system needs to be amended. The basis for operations, which support functions, and production processes and the floor, which ultimately affect the organizations total output included the need to start. Comprehensive reform of the whole system, and preferably not as many organizations require a long and boring, which requires patience and tolerance. 6. Organizational Behavior Organizational behavior and personality, cognition, behavior and job satisfaction, group dynamics, politics, and design and leadership role in the organization of work, and pressure is the sum of the effects work and decision-making process, and a series communications company , culture and weather. They technology and these elements and assess their impact on individuals and groups each have a variety of methods, and organizational efficiency and effectiveness of use. Science and practice, said Gibson and others (Gibson, et al, 1994) We structure and organizational behavior, behavioral science field a bit for each discipline offers a different focus, and analytical framework provides the basic principles , and the subject. to help managers answer questions about themselves, and administrative staff, and environmental forces. With individuals and groups, and researchers in relation to an attempt to determine why people behave the way they do. They explain the behavior of individuals has developed a variety of design models. The factors that genetic factors, and conditions and environmental development, cultural and social influence individual development, including checks. The researchers also different personality types and examine their impact on business organizations and others. The study by researchers at a major organizational behavior used in these and other areas of work satisfaction study tool. And the use of these tools not only in specific areas wages, benefits and promotional opportunities as to measure job satisfaction, and working conditions but also corporate culture, individual and collective measures of influence behavior patterns, both positive and negative. 6.1 Organizational Behavior and Corporate Culture Corporate Culture and organizational behavior is sometimes used interchangeably, but in reality, there are differences between the two countries conditions. Corporate culture, shared values, attitudes, customs and beliefs and other characteristics that determine the companys operating philosophy includes. Organizational behavior at the same time, it may be under way and some academic studies of corporate culture and its various elements, as well as organizational structure and organizational processes as other important elements of behavior stood. Gibson said, organizational behavior, Ivancevich, and Donnelly (Gibson, et al, 1994), studying the methods and theories and theories from different disciplines to find out personal values and ability to learn depends on the ideas of the area and procedures while working in groups and at home overall, and organization and human resources impact analysis of the external environment, mission, objectives, and strategies for effective managers you know what you are looking for in terms the structure, process and culture, and knew how to do it the status of agents, managers must therefore develop clinical skills, and characteristics of the problem should be trained to determine the circumstances require further attention to the problem at Indicators include low quantity or quality of work, and in the absence or delay increases, and negative attitudes of staff members from each of these issues profit organizational issue. Organizational studies and organizational behavior, organizational theory pointed to, and a systematic study of how people work within organizations including the correct application of knowledge. Dell and unique culture in which companies, and the most appropriate strategy to adopt maximum and a high-performance behaviors that contribute to its success and employees with a sense of your estate is responsible, leading to London, get the shipping culture production. Cultural changes over time as yield concrete results, however, some urgent and meaningful for Dell, as specified in the quarterly evaluation studies told Dell was able to keep track of. Management says employees and their work and efforts to achieve a better balance between life support is expected. Employees more clearly the relationship between their actions and see the Dell company objectives. Those who live in other places the percentage of Dell rose than the fact that 57 per cent, it is still as high as the administra tion wants despite the offer, noting. Dell original size in any way change our culture? Probably not. But he clearly culture that allowed him to come quickly now that the positive aspects was used. Relevant company to introduce Dales 20, Dell still feels like. But also admire the strength and achievements of the company would not much flavor. Whats better now 38 years old I . I m 40 years to look back and be proud of? .. 6.2 System Structure System is also important within the framework of organizational theory, organization and complex dynamic goal-oriented processes. Kurt Lewin and special regulatory system and the term ideological systems principle of effective ethical conduct in the context of developing countries, which in psychology has become an obstacle to sustainable work was the disappointment. (Ash, 2008) and complexity theory perspective of systems approach to other organizations and associations. Negative entropy through openness and feedback system depends heavily on organizations to gain perspective. On illegal disciplinary integrated look. In other words, the ideas of individual subjects, and the integration of the code is common, or more precisely on the basis provided by public bodies based on systems theory is behind. System approach to cross, and not the system gives priority to the elements. Some of these relationships, emerge.In recent years a new system, the dynamic characteristics of systems thinking to the reductionist conventional methods widely studied technique to provide fully developed. Frederick Herzberg two factor theory Expectancy theory Organizational culture and behavior 6.5 Organizational culture and practice correlation An organizational culture and practice in the management of these days the most common words. Organizational culture, although the meaning of them there are differences in the importance of managing people is very clear. It is mainly these employees need to understand all the circumstances relating to the organizational psychology, and there are many tools that department efficiency and increase the employment rate for workers in the organizations ability to achieve effective for use can be. Culture and organizational practices associated with each other. The two are interrelated, and all roads other inter-changing influence. Links to organizational behavior to examine how employees act as individuals in their organization. These are important areas of human resource management. Individuals who are viewed by their organizations to study the behavior of organizational behavior. About workers and the response of the public and private conduct that they are used for certain purposes. It is expected that individual group dynamics and team is important in creating an organizational culture. Managers and employees to understand their behavior in a certain way so understanding the reasons behind their actions that they later make it better when the work is needed to reduce errors is needed. Over the years many theories have been proposed for organizational behavior. These principles have different models of organizational systems. Organizational behavior, and says a shared vision and inspire employees to the success of the organizations leadership, and are developing such an organizational culture intact. 6.6 workplace relations Whether personal or business, you should be building relationships in the workplace. However, fishing how to deal with these relationships because the person with the fall of his career can lead to success. Workplace following a link with a partner should not be considered to fall again about some aspects of the relationship. It is true that the workplace where you have all the business acumen and skills gained through training and experience we put to use. However, we all know that work is not just numbers, and conversation. Associates with the president, relationships, and other staff, as well as with business partners so much about relationships. Relations in the workplace that are based purely on a commercial basis, and get emotionally close to colleagues in the workplace also are also common. 6.7 Maintaining relationships in the workplace Dell employees in the workplace to establish good relations between different strategies. However, it still has the skills of workers that determines success, but also how they behave and that behavior is controlled and the organization is to achieve maximum results. Here are some ways to the extent that Dell tags to monitor and maintain a positive image in the workplace to the employees conduct within the control are: However, professional and friendly: Manager staff believe that the employee is at work in their offices to be sure. To work for them before it all comes clear. However, they are not far away in times of need are. This is a good workplace relationships and who stands in a good position to manufacture. Professional boundaries: it first started a friendly but the person may later have problems at work. The professional staff and secure long-term problems as everything is fine for Dell managers. However, they are the kind of careful. They give a clear signal to allies Dodd they are at work. They always maintain professional ethics. They are professional and personal aspects of a mantra for success in the workplace the right balance between form. Avoid gossip: Dell desirable and is encouraged in the workplace communication. However, as very limited office gossip is detrimental to the organization and its employees. Waste of time to indulge in gossip, the main thing. Dell also managers keep order / Confidence parameter: Although called a professional relationship in the workplace, and ideas that may not be professional in all of nature for the exchange to maintain everyones needs. Each one has a friend in the workplace so there is no problem in the workplace a friendly Dells more because it encouraged the Dell is one of the industry-friendly work environment. 6.8 Impact of technology Dell is a global technology leader and has a good reputation for advanced technology. Always according to the needs of new technology adoption. Technology, organizational structures, cultures and practices has brought many changes. I last changed the relationship between man and technology in the workplace because of the associations between rapid progress. Companies now producing a quick decision and impressions, communication and implementation of the resolution. The change management processes and departments has changed now. 7. Conclusion Different organizational structures used by man since the creation of human organizations. People who were hunters and farmers start of military or tribal right to a mans decision to lead the pack in the team delivery of everyones daily operations will be treated as some have. From ancient times, a pyramid scheme that was being followed everywhere. Appointments and tasks and people according to their abilities after learning the definition. Each person has the responsibility to set aside certain actions were required to become a key role in the distribution. Finally there is a strong reporting system structure, where he analyzes and questions have been under the responsibility and accountability, and there was a kind of performance evaluation. Itself a formal community organizational structure that is selected. Business and human rights organizations still change with advances in new forms that all organizational structures, cultures and practices was made. Dell is always taken as ne eded changing. Other innovations such as Dell and its culture, structure, and behavioral adjustments to meet the needs of the market to achieve the maximum.